Philospher Friedrich Nietzsche Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Philospher Friedrich Nietzsche - Essay Example Since Nietzsche was clearly concerned with the question of whether good and evil exist in the world, Zarathustra is a natural focus for his attention. In considering the question of suicide, the first chapter where Zarathustra comes down from the mountain is significant: from his lofty position, "Zarathustra wants to become man again" (Nietzsche, page 122). The old man criticizes him: "You lived in your solitude as in the seaAlas, would you now climb ashore Alas, would you again drag your own body" (Nietzsche, page 123). This is a question of life and death - Zarathustra, who has been free of his mortal shackles, now returns, to drag his own body. The spiritual and physical separation of Zarathustra is an example of the living and dead being: at the beginning of the book, Zarathustra has most clearly chosen life. Moreover, he has decided that God, or the spiritual side, is "Dead", i.e., that only the physical self exists. "All beings so far have created something beyond themselves; and do you want toeven go back to the beasts rather than overcome man" (Nietzsche, 125). The soul and the body are not equal, and to believe in life af ter death is to deny current life "Do not believe those who speak to you of otherworldly hopes!...Despisers of life are they, decaying and poisoned themselvesso let them go" (Nietzsche, page 125). What Nietzsche appears to be saying here is that those who focus upon life-after-death, to the detriment of the physical present, are no different from suicides, who also long for death (for different reasons); Nietzsche seems to condemn both as poisonous to other men. He also attacks them later, in "On the afterworldly": "It is not in afterworlds and redemptive drops of blood, but in the body, that they too have most faithbut a sick thing it is to them, and gladly would they shed their skins. Therefore they listen to the preachers of death and themselves preach afterworlds." (Nietzsche, page 145). Those who hanker after the afterworld, the life-beyond-death, are too fond of their bodies to let go, but at the same time, their desire to continue with their lives leads to an obsession with d eath, and life after death, that denies the very body they admire. Those who wish to live on after death are followed in almost biblical procession by those who despise the body. Nietzsche is very sarcastic about these teachers: "I would not have them learn and teach differently, but merely say farewell to their own bodies - and thus become silent" (Nietzsche, page 146). He contrasts the self with the body: "Your self itself wants to die and turns away from life" (Nietzsche, page 147). The chapter which criticizes "The Preachers of Death", again suggests that those who despise the body are suicidal: ""These are the preachers of death; and the earth is full of those to whom one must preach renunciation of life" (Nietzsche, 156). He uses very withering sarcasm, seeming to cut back their ideals to the basic premise: "The earth is full of the superfluous; life is spoiled by the all-too-many. May they

The Smoking of Tobacco Essay Example for Free

The Smoking of Tobacco Essay The smoking of tobacco became prevalent early in this century. The production of flue-cured tobacco, the development of cigarette rolling machines, and a public health concern over tuberculosis germs being spread through the cuspidors associated with snuff and chewing tobacco, all contributed to an increase in cigarette smoking. As smoking became more common, health problems emerged which seemed to be related to smoking. In the 1950’s, sir Richard Doll, a British researcher, studied the smoking habits of more than 34,000 physicians and found a strong correlation between smoking and disease. Throughout the 1950’s, research data on the effects of tobacco on human health hazard of sufficient importance in the United States to warrant appropriate remedial action. Since then, each Surgeon General has spoken out against smoking; the current Surgeon General proclaims smoking to be the number one preventable cause of disease and death. Medical science is in general agreement that use of tobacco endangers one’s health. Lung Cancer was the first health effect to be linked to smoking. Subsequent research has linked tobacco usage to heart disease, emphysema, and several other forms of cancer. Recent research has even suggested harmful effects to unborn children of smokers and to those non-smokers exposed to the side-smoke of smokers. One of the benefits of a free society is the freedom of choice for adults, so long as this freedom does not deprive other persons of their freedom The decision to smoke might appear to be one of those choices, since it is usually through that the health risks of smoking are borne largely by the individuals making the choice. Factors that complicate the simplicity of this argument are: 1) Smoking is a social custom and when one person smokes, other persons in the area are exposed to the smoke. 2) Adult smoking habits provide a powerful modeling which affects the habits of children and youth. 3) Society must bear some of the social cost (increased insurance premiums and various tax burdens) of death and disability brought about by the use of tobacco. The tobacco plant  is believed to have originated in the Western Hemisphere. The cultivated species most often grown for North American and European tobacco products is Nicotiana tabacum. The leaves of the plant are prepared for smoking, chewing, or sniffing. In addition nicotine tobacco contains over 19 known carcinogens (most collectively known as tar) and more than 2,000 chemicals. Prior to European influence in the Americas, tobacco was used by the Indians of Mexico and Peru for ceremonies, medicinal purposes, and to alleviate Error! Bookmark not defined. pangs during famines. Columbus is credited with introducing tobacco into Europe. Tobacco use became widely accepted by the Portuguese, Spanish, French, British, and Scandinavians. Explorers and sailors who became dependent upon tobacco began planting seeds at their ports of call, introducing the product into other parts of Europe and Asia.

Cultural Differences in Work and Life Patterns

Cultural Differences in Work and Life Patterns Examine the main differences in patterns of everyday life, work, government support and self sufficiency among peoples of the world. How are these patterns changing, and what contribution is the activity of businesses owned by peoples in North America, Australia, Japan and Western Europe making to these changes? Considering the main differences in the patterns of everyday life, work, government support and self sufficiency among peoples of the world is complicated by the fact that there are 6 billion people in the world, and each of them will have their own life, job and other unique attributes. In addition, with over 200 recognised countries on Earth, it is difficult to analyse patterns on a country basis in such a small piece. As such, it is necessary to define a limited number of groups of similar countries in order to analyse the patterns. This piece will use three main groups based on the definitions of Hines (2008). The first of these is the ‘W1’ group, which consists of the United States, Western Europe, Japan, Korea and Australia, which are viewed as the most developed economies in the world, with large consumptions of resources and goods. The second group, ‘W2’, consists of the nations with relatively strong economies, and a balanced profile of resources an d consumption. These include India, China, Brazil, Russia and many other rapidly growing nations. Finally, ‘W3’ includes the poorest nations on Earth, including much of Africa and Bangladesh. The differences in wealth in these countries helps explain some of the differences in patterns of everyday life, reflected in cultural values. The W3 nations emphasise traditional values, respect for authority, obedience, the importance of religion, strong work ethics and the importance of large families. In contrast, the W2 segment focuses on achievement, the value of science and technology, the importance of the state hard work, and a belief that parents and children have a mutual need for each other. Finally, the W1 group emphasize self-expression, the importance of the individual and individual responsibility, tolerance, a balanced life, leisure and good health (Hines, 2008). Further insight can be obtained from looking at discretionary spending in nations, with the W1 group spending heavily on recreation, alcohol and tobacco, the W2 group focusing on clothing and household goods, and the W3 group making almost no discretionary spending due to their lack of disposable income (Fai rfield et al, 2008). The main changes in the patterns of everyday life focus around technology and infrastructure. Media and communications, previously dominated by the W1 group, are now spreading rapidly amongst the W2 group and even into W3, and there are few places in the world where access in now impossible. As such, the most connected places in the world are now almost exclusively within the W3 group, particularly in Scandinavia, which is considered part of W2. However, within the W3 group, and some of the W2 nations, there has been a collision between the spread of technology and the important role of the state. As a result, some governments such as Myanmar and North Korea and China, to a limited extent, have attempted to control the flow of information, leading to some tension in the lives of their citizens. In addition, access to electricity has been rising regularly, changing the lives of huge numbers of people across the world. Again, the spread has been mainly in W2 nations, with W3 lagging be hind, with only 23% of sub-Saharan Africa having access to electricity. This is leading to a growing gap in the everyday lives of people in the W1 and W2 nations and those in the W3, who are being rapidly left behind (Hines, 2008). The patterns of work across the world are strongly driven by the influence of global production systems. Hayter (2005) notes that of the total number of employed people in the world, only 16 per cent are in the W1 nations, despite these nations controlling around 50 per cent of the world’s total wealth. This is reflected in the fact that most people in the W1 industries work in service industries; W2 is dominated by manufacturing; and working patterns in W3 are concentrated in the agriculture and subsistence industries. In addition, the patterns of participation in the labour force vary across different regions and countries. The patterns of participation tend to be much higher in countries where income levels are lower, and there is limited social security coverage. As such, W3 countries tend to have higher levels of participation in the labour force. However, this can again conflict with sociological tendencies, with the Middle East and North Africa having low levels of part icipation due to low levels of female participation, who are seen as being responsible for the family (Hayter, 2005). The changing patterns of work have generally been characterised as devaluing the dignity of work, turning jobs into simple factors of production and ignoring the family and national significance of work to many people. However, specific trends are focused at the two ends of the spectrum, with the proportion of children in the workforce having fallen by 26 per cent over the last four years. In particular, for the youngest children aged 5-14 years the proportion of children in work has been reduced by 33 per cent. This is leading to patterns in W2 and W3, where levels of child labour are high, moving towards those in W1. At the same time, older men are now generally working less, with older women working more. However, as the proportion of people aged over 60 is increasing every year, labour force participation rates amongst the over 50 workers have increased significantly worldwide. The traditional focus on family means that participation rates of older workers are highest in Asia and Africa, however again these rates are converging as financial pressure forces similar patterns in developed countries due to the fall in social security protection (ILO, 2006). Indeed, the variation in social security systems is the main difference in the patterns of government support across different nations, with the ILO (2005) reporting that social security systems vary significant across countries, and social security budgets do not correlate to GDP levels. In particular, many countries make substantial deductions from workers or employers, some only provide payments to their poorest citizens, and some require workers to depend on their own personal security, or those provided by their employers. Here the patterns are generally not dependent on income levels but on policy, as many W1 nations have the oldest populations, and hence the highest burdens on society. As a result, the main trend in this area is that the working population is essentially paying for an ever increasing proportion of the current retirees’ pensions. This shift is being led by the W1 group, particularly Europe and Japan, and is resulting in increasing working lives, and lowe r levels of government support to retirees (ILO, 2006). Finally, the main trend in self sufficiency is rooted in the fact that the W1 economies grew so developed as a result of their exports of manufactured goods are resources to developing countries. However, as this balance has shifted, so the W1 economies have imported more goods and resources from the W2 and W3 countries, whilst exporting more capital and services the other way. As such, self sufficiency is arguably less viable now than at any other point, with most resource exporting economies requiring significant amounts of capital and machinery, and most developed economies requiring high levels of resources, hence creating mutual dependency (Kapstein, 2000). In conclusion, the patterns of life, work, support and self sufficiency are complicated and affected by numerous factors. However, the key factors changing the trends and patterns in these areas are rooted in two areas. The first of these is the aging populations and increasing life expectancy of people around the world, particularly in the W1 nations. This has led to increased social security burdens in these countries, increasing levels of work and reduced government support. The other is an increasing level of exports of manufactured goods and resources from less developed countries to the W1 nations, who are increasingly service based and resource poor. This has reduced levels of self sufficiency across the world. References Bannock, G. (2005) The Economics and Management of Small Business. Routledge: London. Fairfield, H. He, E. and Quealy, K. (2008) What Your Global Neighbors Are Buying. The New York Times; 4th September 2008. Hayter, S. (2005) The social dimension of global production systems: A review of the issues., Working Paper No. 25, Policy Integration Department; ILO. Hines, A. (2008) Global Trends in Culture, Infrastructure, and Values. Futurist; Vol. 42, Issue 5, p. 18-23. ILO (2006) Changing Patterns In The World Of Work. ILO International Labour Conference, 95th Session. 2006. ILO (2005) Social protection as a productive factor. ILO Governing Body, 294th Session. November 2005. Kapstein, E. B. (2000) Winners and Losers in the Global Economy. International Organization; Vol. 54, Issue 2, p. 359-384. Madeley J. (1999) Big Business Poor Peoples: The Impact of Transnational Corporations on the World’s Poor. Zed, London. Storey, D. J. (2000) Understanding the Small Business Sector. Thomson: London.

Sure Thing by David Ives :: Sure Thing David Ives

The Play "Sure Thing" from David Ives examines the endless variations of boy meets girl and the ensuing pick up lines. The central theme throughout the play displays a few varieties of a possible conversation that end with a ringing bell that symbolizes a fresh start and a second chance to make a good impression.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The swift conversations begin in a coffee house with the two main and only characters are Bill and Betty. From the beginning till the end of the play one can see a series of pick up lines, from a man to a woman sitting in a coffee shop reading. The lines start out short and rapid with an equivalent short response from the woman. Each line is separated by a ringing bell. All humans are critical of their fellow human?s beings. They are critical about their looks, cars and etc. Generally there is an old saying ?you never have a second chance to make a first impression.? In this play the author uses a bell as a mechanism of separating the dialogue of subsequent pick up lines, which gives the characters another chance to make a good impression. The ringing bell represents a fresh start. It is the device which allows these two characters to commence again, it is almost like the bell that is used for boxing matches which divides the rounds and lets the boxer rest before the next round begins. The play begins when Betty is setting down quietly reading her book when Bill walks in. The dialogue starts out very short, Bill glances at Betty?s book which is The Sound and the Fury by William Faulkner. In Bill?s pick up line he misidentifies the author. Generally women like to meet men who are intelligent, interesting and have a funny sense of humor. On pages 845 and 846 Beatty asks where Bill went to college and he said, ?I went to Oral Roberts University. ? (Bell.) In the next round Beatty repeats the question again but Bill said he is lying about ever going to college.

P&G Japan: The SK-II Globalization Project Essay

SK-II’s success is not only prestige skin care product or advanced technology but also its marketing approach to build the new brand. P&G succeeded to connect between the core technology or product concept and local market. Through Japanese market among the world’s toughest competitors, P&G developed potential source of innovations. In addition, SK-II’s marketing strategy built a new approach, Market research, Concept, Packaging, Positioning, Communications strategy. It was a big challenge that P&G shifted from Mass marketing, such as Olay brand, to Class marketing. SK-II’s marketing strategy. The primary issue concerning the case is the transformation of â€Å"SK-II† from a local brand to a global brand. This case allows us to evaluate how companies can â€Å"internationalize† their brands, and the obstacles and issues that they face while addressing this issue. Until now, SK-II can be characterized as local product in Japan with a sizable r egional customer base in Taiwan and Hong Kong. SK-II brand is positioned at the high- end of skin care and provides high margins for the P&G. To adopt Japanese independent sales style for skin-care, they were sold through special stores by well- trained beauty counselors. At first, to examine the underlying reasons behind the difference between Japanese and other corporate management, I sum up the significant reasons why P&G’s Japanese operation was a failure until 1984 as follows: 1. P&G did not take the time to determine the local needs based on the culture and common practices among Japanese customer. The product development was based on Western markets and it was assumed that it would streamline itself to other areas of the world. 2. Stagnation in innovation is a failure for almost any business. With technology always moving forward at a fast rate, it is imperative for all retail products to constantly put forth effort in  research and development. R&D is one of P&G’s strong points, yet the mismanagement of the division led to complacency in the development work. Due to the lack of improvements and the time lost, it allowed other competitors to release superior products quickly and efficiently. This ultimately led to a significant decrease in market share for P&G. 3. The Japanese distribution system is complex and difficult to assimilate to. P&G did not research and strategize to form new efforts in distributing the products efficiently and take advantage of the benefits of the distribution system commonly used. Instead of fixing the problem, P&G turned towards reduced pricing which drove the distributors away and caused sales to drop. Corporate management methods and the actual managers at headquarters in US and EU have certainly won many achievements in the US and Europe and elsewhere. In many cases, however, Western managers and Western management teams are ill prepared to succeed in Japan. In many cases, like P&G, drastic changes in thinking and management methods and personal changes at headquarters would be necessary to succeed in Japan. However, there are not many Western companies, which act on this knowledge. In this case, there were two major changes that P&G implemented to improve its operations to increase its profitability. Firstly, P&G increased R&D budget and secondly, they restructured with a plan called Organization 2005. Organization 2005 dealt with corporate cultural changes in becoming less risk averse and more productive with use of time. They encouraged innovation and creative high risk decisions with new products at a rate of more than once a month. Process changes included compensation reform with greater incentives based on performance, stock options to all employees, streamlined administrative aspects of marketing, payroll, and budgets on a more global/regional level. Structural changes included changing from 4 regional units to 7 global business units (GBUs) that were responsible for executing the global strategies of the company. Each GBU were tasked with creating a uniform production process for all their regional products so that they can be more cost effective and more open in new product rollouts. They also reduced the number of brands and only kept the ones with high sales and global potential. More power was given to lower level managers and the levels of bureaucracy were reduced by eliminating the amount of steps to the top. Among the human resources organization corporate cultures that have  changed Japan, foreign companies such as P&G has been the most influential. In fact, deregulation of labor aimed at strengthening international competitiveness and increasing the fluidity of employment has steadily eroded the traditional system of lifetime employment, seniority-based wages, and enterprise welfare at Japanese businesses. Many Japanese companies are now moving more toward a performance- based system when it comes to rewarding and promoting employee to be global company. In order to figure out whether SK-II is a product that can be global brand, we need to identify reasons for SK-II’s success in the Japanese market. First, by based on research of Japanese market, P&G made clear targeting and positioning, and developed new products which fulfilled customers’ needs, built the effective distribution. As a result, P&G could establish differentiation advantages for the following. †¢ Product: â€Å"Foaming massage cloth†, Elegant dispensing box â€Å"Foaming massage cloth† increase skin circulation through a massage while boosting skin clarity due to the microfibers’ ability to clean pores and trap dirt. †¢ Price: Premium price †¢ Place: Luxury and counter at department store †¢ Promotion: Counseling by beauty counselor, TV advertising, Beauty magazines P&G utilized and rebuilt its distribution channels of using trained personnel at beauty counters throughout Japan. SK-II’s success had been achieved in a culture where the customers, distribution channels, and competitors were different from in other countries. For example, Japanese customers more educated, average Japanese women spent 4.5 minutes on her face cleansing, and most sophisticated users of beauty products in the world. On the other hand, in China customers due to Olay’s education recently moved from a one-step skin care process to a three-step cleansing and moisturizing process. However, unlike China, Europe had a large and sophisticated group of beauty-conscious customers who is already practiced a multistep regimen. As we see it is model is transferable but they have to modify some of models characteristic depending on customers behavior, competitors and market factor. P&G Japan’s competitive advantage is firm-specific but SK-II’s advantage is country-specific. I would suggest that de Cesare would be to expand SK-II brand within Japan. The company should continue to build on SK-II’s success in Japan. By building on brand’s  success in the proven domestic market, Procter & Gamble would be able to fully utilize the company’s competitive advantages. In this case, the company has achieved only 3% of the market share of the $10 billion beauty product market, and in addition the Japanese skin care market is forecasted to grow at 28% two-year growth rate. Given these opportunities, de Cesare is well advised to strongly expand SK-II brand within Japan. There are other attributes that make Japanese market attractive; these include brand name recognition and development of new products such as anti-aging and skin whitening that could expand the SK-II product line. Since the Japanese market is highly competitive and requires constant innovation, the Japanese division need to constantly introducing new products that could possibly be introduced to other markets as well. Increased market share and profitability of SK-II brand would also increase the brand’s standing among various Procter & Gamble brands; this increased awareness of SK-II brand could potentially pave the way for brand’s internationalization later on. The Japanese market is also one of the biggest markets for prestige skin care products, not only that, the country is also expected to see the skin care market (both main and prestige) grow by 28% over the next 2 years. However, there are some risks if the de Cesare chooses to only expand into the Japanese mark et. This could potentially make P&G Japan isolated from the rest of the world markets. P&G Japan could be oblivious to changes in the world market, and miss opportunities that could have allowed collaboration in R&D with other divisions that could have led to introduction of new and innovative products. To remain a major market player, P&G needs to keep expanding its products at a global level. I do not believe that the choices between expansion into China or Europe or increasing sales in Japan are all mutually exclusive with each other. All three of the markets can be critical to the successful globalization of P&G and its brands. The European market will probably prove to be the most difficult to penetrate, yet by concentrating on specific cities and markets, there is still potential for P&G’s superior product to prevail. This option would be the lowest priority of the three. P&G will need to keep up with technology and continue with new developments if they want to remain a leader in the prestige market in Japan. In terms of short term profitability, the Japanese market is unmatched. Cesare has forecasted an  earnings growth potential of 200% in 6 or 7 years based off a $150 million sales level. However, the focus should be on the Chinese market based on the long term potential for growth and profitability. All the other major market players are already present in the market so P&G don’t want to fall too behind with their competitors. Although China has a relatively small subset of their population that can afford the expensive SK-II product, it also has the highest growth rate of skin care use at an astounding 28%. With China’s economy and GDP growing at a fast rate, the potential for more able consumers of the 1.2 billion residents is seemingly limitless. In my conclusion, the first priority is they would be to expand SK-II brand within Japan to keep expanding its products at a global level. The next, they should be focus on the Chinese market based on the long term potential for growth. As the lowest priority, the European market will probably prove by concentrating on specific cities and markets.

10 Life Hacks That Are 100% Free

10 Life Hacks That Are 100% Free Sometimes it’s the smallest problems that we truly need help with. The following 10 life hacks will help you solve some of life’s most bothersome and annoying issues. Â  Source: [1000lifehacks.com]

Free Essays on Time Is So Disurbing It Never Lets Me Out

Free Essays on Time Is So Disurbing It Never Lets Me Out Time is so disturbing it never lets me out. How many waves must be cast ashore, Before the sand can settle Before each gentle grain can find it’s place In a world that carries so much treasure How many waves must be cast ashore, Before the sand can settle Before each gentle grain can find it’s place On an unearthed beach , lifeless. For even still the rain would move And yet, even then with no rain, Our eyes would weep with sorrow and pity, On the world’s hourglass of time....

Community Placement In A Resource Center Social Work Essay Essays

Community Placement In A Resource Center Social Work Essay Essays Community Placement In A Resource Center Social Work Essay Essay Community Placement In A Resource Center Social Work Essay Essay A community Development undertaking should be able to show the public wellness pattern in entireness, use the public wellness theories and set into pattern the community development rules. One of the rules is being able to turn to the precedence demand of the community with their full engagement thereby authorising them and most significantly working within the societal theoretical account of wellness. The societal theoretical account of wellness is a theoretical frame work which considers the wellness of persons and the community as a consequence of complex and interacting societal, economic, environmental and personal factors. ( Ottewill and wall, 2003 ) . This model operates on the belief that improved wellness and well-being is achieved by concentrating on the societal and environmental determiners of wellness in tandem with biological and medical factors. The societal theoretical account of wellness says that 50 % of our wellness is determined by wider determiners such as Housing, Income and educational degree which affects non merely the persons but the community as a whole ( CDHN, 2009 ) , hence a community development attack to wellness efforts to work upriver, concentrating on the root cause of sick wellness such as poorness and educational disadvantage. Kelleher and Marshall ( 2002 ) suggested that working within the societal theoretical account of wellness licenses persons and communities to build their ain definition of wellness and hence identify of import factors that influence wellness depending on the specific context. The construct of a community is based on the idea that how people behave and their well-being is influenced by their interaction with others ( SCCD, 2001 ) . An grounds based definition of a community is a group of people with diverse features who are linked by societal ties, portion common positions and prosecute in joint action in geographical scene or location. This definition hence qualifies the Muslim adult females in Glasgow North as a community. This brooding essay purposes to give an account and in depth analysis of a non governmental Scottish charity undertaking run by Muslim adult females for Muslim adult females in Glasgow, with a position of placing good pattern, relevancy to public wellness pattern development and the application of the theory to pattern. The topic of the community arrangement will be referred to as the resource centre through out this essay in order to protect the existent names and individualities of the centre and its staff. The resource centre handles societal affairs like racial torment, mourning, divorce instances, entree to instruction, forced matrimonies, in-migration affairs, mental wellness issues, relationship affairs, lodging issues and domestic Violence. For the intent of this essay I would be concentrating on Domestic Violence. This write-up will travel a long manner to explicate and critically analyze the extent to which the protection, proviso and bar of domestic force against adult females project identifies with public wellness pattern. A brief reappraisal of the literature of domestic maltreatment will be discussed thenceforth. I will afterwards analyze the undertaking while discoursing issues like wellness demand appraisal, wellness inequality, partnership planning, monitoring and rating as good public wellness patterns identified in the undertaking. I intend to eventually discourse the contemplation and relevancy of the survey while doing the necessary recommendations. Domestic Violence and Public Health Domestic force could be defined as any incident of endangering behaviour, force, or maltreatment ( psychological, physical, sexual, fiscal, and emotional ) between grownups who are or have been in intimate spouses or household members irrespective of gender or gender. Gender-based force includes a host of harmful behaviors that are directed at adult females and misss because of their sex, including married woman maltreatment, sexual assault, and dowry-related slaying, and matrimonial colza, selective undernourishment of female kids, forced harlotry, female venereal mutilation and sexual maltreatment of female kids. Vulnerable individuals or a kid in the environment where they are witnessing domestic maltreatment are besides inclusive. ( Scots Executive cardinal research unit, 2000 ) The British Medical Association ( 2006 ) explained in its publication that a kid who has witnessed domestic maltreatment has an increased hazard of sing mental wellness jobs in grownup live. Domestic Violence is associated with Health Inequality in the society particularly towards the adult females and kids. It constitutes the male maltreatment of power which occurs in all societal groups non caused by emphasis, intoxicant, unemployment, mental unwellness or by the adult females ( Scots Executive cardinal research unit, 2000 ) Domestic Violence is a major public wellness issue impacting all age, socio- economic group and all sectors of life.. it is presently being recognized by the authorities non merely as a condemnable issue but besides as a public wellness affair ( Government proposal on domestic force, 2003 ) .Domestic Abuse is a lodging issue, human right issue, kid protection issue, mental wellness issue and all these harmonizing to the societal theoretical account of wellness are determiners of wellness. A Recent study by the triennial maternal mortality ( CEMACH, 2004 ) showed that domestic maltreatment is a hazard factor for maternal decease and for the twelvemonth 2000- 2002 eleven new female parents were murdered within six hebdomads of giving birth by their spouses. It besides increases the opportunities of pregnant adult females imbibing, smoking which so affects the life of the unborn kid thereby increasing the babies mortality rate. The high prevalence of Domestic Violence impacts economically on the society. Support systems are overstretched ; there is increased cost of supplying medical attention for approximately 100,000 adult females seeking medical aid due to domestic maltreatment. A batch of adult females are stateless with about 7000 adult females and kids looking for safety shelter everyday ( Seymour, 2001 ) Violence against adult females has late been recognized by the United Nations as a cardinal maltreatment of adult females s human rights. The sensitivenesss and stigma associated with domestic maltreatment, the conceptualisation of it chiefly as a judicial and legal issue, and the deficiency of informations on the dimension of the maltreatment have hampered apprehension and the development of appropriate intercession ( Lori et al, 1994 ) Incidence and prevalence of domestic Abuse Domestic force histories for between 16 % and one one-fourth of all recorded violent offense. ( Home Office,2004 ; Dodd et al. , 2004 ; BCS, 1998 ; Dobash and Dobash, 1980 ) . Harmonizing to Stanko, ( 2000 ) an incident is reported to the constabulary every minute. Womans are much more likely than work forces to be the victim of multiple incidents of maltreatment, and of sexual force. 45 % adult females and 26 % work forces had experienced at least one incident of inter-personal force in their life-times ( Walby and Allen, 2004 ) , nevertheless when there were more than 4 incidents ( i.e. on-going domestic or sexual maltreatment ) 89 % of victims were adult females. In 2004 harmonizing to Walby and Allen ( 2004 ) there are 13 million separate incidents of physical force or menaces of force against adult females from spouses or former spouses doing an norm of 2 adult females a hebdomad killed by a male spouse or former spouse and this constitutes around tierce of all female homicide v ictims. ( Department of Health,2005. ) The British Crime Survey conducted in 2000 found that adult females are most likely to be sexually attacked by work forces who are known to them. 45 % of colzas reported to the study were perpetrated by current spouses. ( Home Office Research Study 237, 2002 ) . One Scots study found that a bulk of work forces who said that they were victims of domestic force, were besides culprits of force ( 13 of 22 ) , and on being re-interviewed, a farther 13 subsequently said they had really neer experienced any signifier of domestic maltreatment. ( Scots Executive Central Research Unit, 2002 ) . On the international degree consistent findings has been recorded. An analysis of 10 separate domestic force prevalence surveies by the Council of Europe showed that 1 in 4 adult females experience domestic force over their life-times, and between 6-10 % of adult females Suffer domestic force in a given twelvemonth. ( Council of Europe, 2002 ) .Another survey done by the World Health Organisation, domestic force was found to be widespread in all 10 states studied, though there was considerable fluctuation between states, and between metropoliss and rural countries. ( Garcia-Moreno, C. , et al. , 2005 ) .Krug et Al ( 2002 ) found that internationally 40 % -70 % of female slaying victim were killed by their spouse and about 4 % 8 % of work forces. Domestic force is internationally acknowledged to be one of the major wellness Inequalities impacting adult females peculiarly, and forms a important obstruction to their having effectual wellness attention. ( World Health Organisation,1997 ; United Nations, 1993 ) . Different signifier of maltreatment is been experienced by adult females with spouse maltreatment ( non-sexual ) being the most normally experient type of intimate force among both work forces and adult females. 28 % of adult females and 17 % of work forces reported holding experienced such maltreatment. ( Coleman et al. 2007 ) still hunt is besides was normally experienced with 9 % of adult females and 7 % of work forces reported holding Experienced it in the last twelvemonth with obscene or endangering phone calls being the common signifiers. ( Coleman et al 2007 ) . About half of adult females ( 48 % ) who had experienced confidant spouse force since the age of 16 had experienced more than one type of intimate force. Work force were less likely to hold experienced multiple signifiers of intimate force ( 33 % ) . ( Coleman et al. 2007 ) Serious sexual assault was most likely to be committed by person known to the victim ( 89 % of female and 83 % of male victims ) . Merely over half ( 54 % ) of female victims reported that a spouse or ex-partner had been the wrongdoer. ( Coleman et al. 2007 ) . Women besides suffer from non sexual household maltreatment ( coleman at al.2007 ) Domestic force has immense impact both physically, psychologically, and wellness wise on both the adult females and their kids A survey of 200 adult females s experiences of domestic force commissioned by Women s Aid, found that 60 % of the adult females had left because they feared that they or their kids would be killed by the culprit. ( Humphreys A ; Thiara, 2002 ) . In the same survey, 76 % of detached adult females suffered post-separation force, and more than half of those with post-separation kid contact agreements with an opprobrious ex-partner continued to hold serious, ongoing jobs with this contact ( Humphreys and Thiara, 2002 ) .There are a greater hazard of homicide by these adult females at the point of separation or after go forthing a violent spouse. ( Lees, 2000 ) .A survey showed that 42 % of all female homicide victims, compared with 4 % of male homicide victims, were killed by current or former spouses in England and Wales in the twelvemonth 2000/01. This equates to 102 adult females, an norm of 2 adult females each hebdomad ( Home Office, 2001 ) . Domestic force was found to be the individual most quoted ground for going homeless ( Cramer and Carter 2002 ) . Violence against adult females has serious effects for their physical and mental wellness, and adult females who have experienced maltreatment from her spouse may endure from chronic wellness jobs of assorted sorts. ( Stark and Flitcraft, 1996 ; Williamson, 2000 ; British Medical Association, 1998 ; Crispand Stanko, 2001 ) Abused adult females are more likely to endure from depression, anxiousness, psychosomatic systems, eating jobs and sexual disfunction. Violence may besides impact their generative wellness. ( WHO,2000 ) . 70 % of incidents of domestic force consequence in hurt, ( compared with 50 % of incidents of familiarity force, 48 % of alien force and 29 % of mugging. ) ( Dodd et al. , 2004 ) 75 % of instances of domestic force consequence in physical hurt or mental wellness effects to adult females. ( Home Office, 2001 ) The cost of handling physical wellness of victims of domestic force, ( including infirmary, GP, ambulance, prescriptions ) is ?1,220,247,000, i.e. 3 % of en tire NHS budget. ( Walby, 2004 ) The cost of handling mental upset due to domestic force is ?176,000,000. ( Walby,2004 ) . Between 50 % and 60 % of adult females mental wellness service users have experienced domestic force, and up to 20 % will be sing current maltreatment. ( Department of Health, 2003 ) . Domestic force has been identified as a premier cause of abortion or still-birth ( Mezey, 1997 ) , and of maternal deceases during childbearing ( Lewis and Drife, 2001, 2005 ) .Children are besides enormously affected by domestic force. At least 750,000 kids a twelvemonth informant domestic force. ( Department of Health, 2002 ) . And Children who live with domestic force are at increased hazard of behavioral jobs and emotional injury, and mental wellness troubles in big life. ( Kolbo, et al. , 1996 ; Morley and Mullender, 1994 ; Hester et al.,2000 ) About three quarters of kids on the at hazard registry live in families where domestic force occurs and 52 % of kid protection insta nces affecting domestic force. ( Department of Health, 2002 ; Farmer and Owen, 1995 ) . COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PROJECT/SUSTAINABILITY Community development means a community engagement that helps people to assist themselves by promoting them to be involved in corporate activities to finally work out a common job and purpose towards accomplishing common end ( Gilchrist, 2007 ) . Barr and Hashagen ( 2000 ) described community development as a docket that comprise of procedures like authorization, acquisition, democracy and results, backed up by good support, staff, information, proper rating and airing. Some of the cardinal Qualities of a good community development undertaking as suggested by the Scots Government ( SE, 2004 ) are, community engagement, community acquisition and development ; the usage of cognition, accomplishments, beef uping and bettering communities, people led development and the function of the single spouse in determination devising. Bettering public services and supplying buttocks to chief watercourse services for both the high and low socio economic category is besides really of import ( SE, 2 004 ) . The resource centre follows a community development attack holding the Muslim adult females as the mark community and their undertakings of have the above defined functions as they are all community led undertakings which finally empowers the people of the community. it is service user positive and involves full engagement from people of the community. they center has bead in Sessionss for clients during hebdomad yearss, free entree to computing machines and a resource library incorporating an spread outing scope of books, cusps, magazines, on different subjects particularly on Islamic subjects peculiarly Focused towards adult females. Information on services and resources in Glasgow and remainder of Scotland is besides available in the library. They center is managed by both staff and voluntaries who give high quality service to the community and in return receive preparation, work experience, make New friends and frequently increase their assurance, accomplishments and cognition. The sustainability program for mwrc appeared to trust on the sponsorship of the spouse organisations for both the preparation and running of the organisation. Gray, ( 2007 ) suggested that the possible to lend to sustainability is by direct action and by puting good illustrations of pattern particularly in the country of answerability. The Resource centre being wholly a voluntary organisation, receives funding from the council, Voluntary action fund, Scottish community foundation, Gannochy trust, Culture and athletics Glasgow, and adult females s Fund for Scotland for sustainability. This sustainability agreement is non strong as it relies on unsure fiscal marks and a limited timeframe to accomplish those ( Gray, 2007 ) and could take to the disconnected expiration of undertakings once the support is no more. HEALTH NEED ASSESSMENT Health need assessment offers a good return off point for a community development undertaking in order to hold targeted undertakings which are really good to the people of the community and it besides helps in forestalling wellness inequality ( Arblaster et al 1996 ) . Billings ( 2002 ) described wellness demand appraisal as designation of factors that must be addressed in order to better the wellness of the population and as suggested by Twinn et Al ( 1990 ) involves the aggregation informations to place wellness demand of the community and its analysis to prioritize schemes in wellness betterment. They Local population could be involved to spot for themselves what they consider their precedence demands ( Billing 2002 ) . They engagement of the local community is normally employed in community development undertakings to guarantee that precedence undertakings are carried out and besides to undertake wellness inequality. Bidmead and Cowley ( 2005 ) besides highlighted the importance of client/professional partnership towards advancing a fruitful wellness demand appraisal. In pattern the theory of wellness demand appraisal was applied in the resource centre which started its journey in 1997 and opened its doors to the populace in April 2002. It is a Scots charity run by adult females with the intent of interrupting down barriers and enabling Muslim adult females to take part in all facet of society without holding to compromise their belief and values. Following the wellness demand appraisal which was done through the engagement of the Muslim community, the critical demands and concern identified are Lack of cognition of aid available taking to hapless take up of mainstream services by Muslim adult females in demand, Lack of assurance that they mainstream services will be able to understand the issues impacting them and institutional favoritism forestalling consumption of services, Increase in Islamophobia and fright of favoritism and torment taking to diminishing interaction with mainstream society at all degrees and most significantly Family and marr iage jobs. In order to turn to these concerns, they operate at three different degrees, Working with policy shapers and mainstream supplier to get the better of the barriers to civic engagement and entree to services ; set abouting development work to construct the assurance of Muslim adult females, address their issues and advance societal coherence and supplying a scope of direct assisting services to adult females in a manner that meets their specific demands.As highlighted by Bidmead and Cowley ( 2005 ) the services of trained voluntaries were employed to further heighten the client/professional relationship thereby advancing better appraisal. Partnership Partnership is a really of import construct in community development and public wellness as a whole as it underpins both public wellness policy and pattern. It is an indispensable tool being employed to undertake the societal theoretical account of wellness. it encourages community engagement and single functions and helps to co-coordinate the group activity in order to avoid convergence ( Warren et al 1974 ) . El Ansari et Al ( 2001 ) saw partnership as an official relationships among people who normally have same purposive end while Hudson and Hardy ( 2001 ) identified that partnership may non merely be official as it besides occurs between professionals and non professionals bing either horizontally or vertically between degrees ( Powel and Exworthy 2002 ) . Bidmead and Cowley ( 2005a ) defined partnership as A Respectful, negotiated manner of working together that enables picks ; engagement, and equity within an honest, swearing relationship that is based in empathy, support and reciprocality. Though argued by Challis at EL ( 1988 ) that partnership is word hard to give helpful significance in pattern, partnership could be seen as an effectual relationship between clients and practician geared towards accomplishing an purpose through coaction and active engagement ( Warren et al 1974 ) . Partnership is presently been acknowledged in both authorities policy and pattern ( Scots Executive1998 ; secretary of province for northern Ireland 1998 ; secretary of province Waless 1998 ) as there is a bound to what an bureau working entirely on its ain can accomplish ( Huxham and Macdonald 1999 ) . Major progress in wellness involves betterment in all facet of populating both socially and economically ( Mckeown,1976 ) and this is merely accomplishable through collaborative attempts of single, community, organisations and Government ( WHO 1991 ) . Barnes and Sullivan besides argues that partnership is a major tool in undertaking wellness inequality as it enables authorities resources to be suitably and equally distributed to both the the rich and the cultural minority to better wellness services. Davis and Fallowfield ( 1991 ) suggested that partnership improves professional contentment and reduces stress though for effectivity aimed ends should be made clear and professional accomplishment and cognition upheld despite complimentary expertness of the community ( Bidmead and Cowley 2005a ) . Partnership though really good is non without some booby traps some of which are issues with co-ordination, fall ining up ends and policy, answerability and engagement ( Sullivan and skelcher 2002 ) .Douglas, ( 2009 ) feels that partnership working can go forth participants confused and ill-defined about their function one time there is deficiency of clear leading, counsel and support..He besides stated that substructure built around some p erson in partnership goes down one time the persons are no more. The hazards and negative facet of partnership working include partnership overload and partnership weariness, the potency for exaggerating it ; hence there should be a bound to the figure that constitutes a feasible partnership ( Bamford et al, 2003 ) .Baginsky ( 2007 ) feels that most partnerships lack lucidity and consistence in usage of eligible standards and there is demand for lucidity of functions and delegating of duties. Inter-organizational partnerships is been seen as the key to better partnerships ( Hudson and Hardy 2002 ) . Despite these booby traps, development of partnership attacks is encouraged by policy shapers and the Government in community development undertakings In Practice, there are groundss of application of theory of partnership for illustration in order to further accomplish its purpose, MWRC is actively involved in partnerships and Advisory groups to enable community coherence, and overcome stereotypes and misconstruing between communities. They spouse with both the community, local bureaus, the authorities and international organic structures to promote community engagement and guarantee that more demand based undertakings are carried out. They issue brought up by Hudson and Hardy ( 2002 ) is besides being applied by the resource centre as they are involved in inter-organizational partnership. As stated by Huxham and Macdonald ( 1999 ) a batch of accomplishment was made by the resource centre through their partnership with the Government and some local bureaus. Self employment chance workshop was organized in partnership with and delivered by Business Gateway Glasgow aimed at sensitising the adult females on the demand to be freelance to enable them to be financially dependent. Money Advice workshops organized in partnership with Glasgow metropolis Councils fiscal inclusion squad provided information about fiscal issues with the purpose of authorising adult females to let them to cover with fiscal issues and troubles. The participants found the workshop really enlightening and educating. Support was provided for the scorch female parents through the Single female parents workshop organised in partnership with REED with the purpose of promoting individual female parents into the work force. They Muslim and cultural minority adult females were through the Stairss to excellence for personal success a programme built around the nucleus construct of the Pacific institute Affirmed of the right of all persons to accomplish their God given potencies and empower people through instruction and preparation to let them to acknowledge their ability to take growing, personal freedom, and personal excellence. The effectivity o f partnership engagement and single functions ( Warrens at el 1974 ) were really apparent in the pattern of the resource centre. Having discussed the theories of Community development undertakings, wellness demand appraisal and partnership with their application in pattern, I would so discourse Health inequality, Monitoring and Evaluation. HEALTH INEQUALITY Health inequality has been a cosmopolitan job though Darey Smith et Al ( 2001a ) described it as inequality in wellness experienced by black and minority cultural groups. Health inequality has long been associated with ethnicity and socio -economic statue ( Acheson 1998:11 ) . . The international community emphasizes the importance of undertaking inequalities as a affair of urgency ( WHO, 2005 ) Baggort ( 2000 ) described wellness inequality as the unfairness or the inequality that are seen as being unjust. Health inequality is a major issue for public wellness practician working at the community degree and attempts are made to indentify what can be done at the local degree. Arblaster et Al ( 1996 ) and Gillies ( 1998a, B ) commented on the effectivity of inter-sectorial partnership as a manner of undertaking wellness inequality. public wellness practicians can ease partnership with relevant bureaus for specific wellness demand of the people every bit good as advocator for those demands ( Roberts 2000 ) .Lobbying of policy shapers at all degrees to act upon wellness policies has besides been seen as manner of tacking wellness inequalities ( Muir Gray 2001 ) and the usage of media has been found really effectual ( Chapman 2001 ) .Advocacy and Lobbying is one of the tools employed in the resource centre for illustration through Advocacy the provides a voice for Muslim adult fe males that contribute to the authorities audiences, policy, and Strategy in grownup acquisition issues. The protagonism programmes include professional protagonism, face to face with the service user and ongoing protagonism in household issues. Besides through representations in the acquisition nexus Scotland policy and Executive commission, consciousness is being drawn to the demands and issues impacting Muslim adult females entree to acquisition and instruction Roberts ( 2000 ) stated that engagement of the people of the community to place their wellness demand and taking action towards solution through development of healthy life undertakings help to undertake inequality every bit good as make people of the lower socio economic position and minority group have entree to the wellness attention. Patterson and Judge ( 2002 ) besides suggested that referral systems in wellness attention and place visiting are besides really effectual ways of cut downing wellness inequality. In Practice, there are grounds of the immense attempt made to forestall wellness inequality and increase the handiness to wellness attention by the cultural minority particularly the Muslim adult females. Information, Advice-Free, confidential religion and culturally non judgmental information and advice on Domestic Abuse and household issues is provided chiefly through bead in Sessionss and besides by assignment. Service users ab initio receive appraisal and aid on their f irst visit and as encouraged by Patterson and Judge ( 2002 ) referrals are made with their understanding for other services in the chief watercourse or elsewhere. The service is provided in the service user preferable linguistic communication as most of the staff and voluntaries are bilingual and translators are besides available. The societal theoretical account of wellness considers how wider determiners than the presence or absence of disease have an impact on people s wellness ( Dahlgren A ; Whitehead, 1991, CDHN, 2005, Graham, 2007 ) hence the proviso of other services to assist increase the quality of life of the adult females. Such services are Reding provided by trained voluntary counsellors and reding attack is used with the service users to enable them do informed determination and picks. For many adult females this helps them to speak through personal issues while besides having practical aid, and for bulk of the clients the discovery this attack really appropriate. Formal guidance utilizing individual centered attack is besides provided where necessary, Provision of Helpline and Help get off service to offer information, advice and a listening ear in a religion and culturally sensitive manner. The Helpline operators speak English and besides have available translators and they use assorted mediums to make out to the most vulnerable and stray Muslim adult females in Scotland to guarantee equality in distribution of wellness attention. They helpline staff continue to endeavor to work in partnership with both mainstream and private sector organisation to guarantee that the Muslim adult females are able to prosecute and voice out their demands in the society. They Help mail is a dedicated confidential electronic mail reference available for adult females who would prefer the mail.its receives over 200 mails and its increasing going popular with bureaus seeking advice and information on issues refering Muslim adult females. And the Provision of friends and support to isolated, lonely and abused Muslim adult females who lack assurance to make things entirely. A immense attempt is being made to guarantee that wellness inequality is prevented. Monitoring AND Evaluation The input in the PPP Project, the procedure, impact and result of the programmes of they project is monitored and evaluated most particularly through the response of the people sing all the activities, workshops and seminars. Monitoring and Evaluation was a uninterrupted procedure trusting to a great extent on feedback from questionnaires. The MWRC used these questionnaires to organize a model for monitoring and rating. This method of rating is qualitative and when compared to the LEAP ( Learning, Evaluation and Planning, 2008 ) theoretical account led by demand, focused on results, engagement, partnership edifice and cognition enhancing, it has some similarities though does non follow it wholly. This signifier of rating besides aid to carefully supervise the undertakings progress while concentrating on the relation between inputs, end products and procedure ( Hashagen and Susan,2007 ) . This method of rating besides enables the designation of extra results as LEAP is a model that is designed to enable positive planned alteration to be made to the demands that have been identified. It is outcome focussed because the primary intent of community lead development is to do a existent, and mensurable difference to the quality of personal and community lives. In pattern, be aftering for alteration in response to the identified demand was done and an result focused rating carried out to measure the success of the action program. A focal point on results is basically a focal point on consequences. As Stated by the Scots Government ( 2010 ) for the intents of dependable rating, the connexion between the demand identified, the action taken and the result achieved should ever be clear. Project study is besides written and sent to the funders, and policy shapers to demo which purposes and aims that are achieved and the extent to which the achieved aims lead to the desired outcome..A fiscal study is besides written at the terminal of every twelvemonth and sent to funders to demo answerability and how cost effectual the programmes were. Using the LEAP theoretical account of rating, indexs are used to mensurate whether results were achieved and grounds collected as the undertaking goes along and in comparing the MWRC rating finally followed similar guidelines. Besides in comparing with the LEAP theoretical account Health hazard appraisal was done prior to the oncoming of the undertaking to place possible hazards and jeopardies. Some of the disadvantages of this method of rating is in the country of cost effectivity which merely incorporates QALYs as the wellness related outcome step ( Powell, 2007 ) and this as suggested by Powell ( 2007 ) could impact the sustainability of the undertaking. With this method of rating the results measured are individualistic and could be influenced by prejudice and memory and the persons can non demo the impact of the undertaking on the community particularly in a short timescale ( Hashagen and Paxton,2007 ) They major restrictions or challenges encountered in the undertaking are ; deficiency of Funding or funding stoping and taking to stop of a undertaking, holding to cover with in-migration issues of most of the clients, linguistic communications barrier, and preparation of all the staff and voluntary but despite these challenges, accomplishments were made over the last twelvemonth. Some of the accomplishments are ; Inputs at colza crisis cultural position of domestic maltreatment preparation and Ethnic enable domestic maltreatment preparation, Helpline advert being aired on Islam channel and helpline support awarded for farther 3 old ages, Lunch of Muslim Women voices study and support awarded for household guidance, mediation, and Advocacy undertaking till March 2011, Input at cruse Scotland AGM on reding Muslim, forced matrimony Conference in partnership with Tayside constabularies, Humanistic disciplines and societal inclusion Jewellery doing workshops to authorise the adult femal es and Participation in Highlandss and islands equality forum conference The Muslim Womans have your say Scotland broad anniversary events, observing 10yrs constitution and 5 old ages presenting services. Contemplation WITH GIBBS MODEL I would be using the Gibbs theoretical account of contemplation ( 1988 ) as it the best theoretical account for the contemplation of this arrangement which is based on merely observation. Johns Model ( 1994 ) and Kolbe larning rhythm ( 1984 ) tends to demand a more in-depth participatory experience which makes them unsuitable for the undertaking. MY THOUGHT / WHAT I SAW When I choose the Amina adult females resource centre for my arrangement, I was non quite sure of the sorts of community development undertakings that would be ongoing at the resource centre though I identified Muslim adult females as a community bearing in head that a community is a group of people with diverse features who are linked by societal ties and portion common position in a geographical scene or location. During my several visits to the resource centre I realized that the centre is a charity organisation run by Muslim adult females for Muslim adult females which was established following the designation of the critical demands and concern of the adult females which are ; deficiency of cognition, assurance, , family/marriage jobs and increase in favoritism and torment taking to deficiency of entree to mainstream activities and they operate at three different degree which are with policy shapers, set abouting development work and proviso of direct assisting services. They center is managed by both staff and voluntaries who give high quality service to the community and in return receive preparation, work experience, make New friends and frequently increase their assurance, accomplishments and cognition. The Resource centre being wholly a voluntary organisation it receives funding from the council, Voluntary action fund, Scottish community foundation, Gannochy trust, Culture and athletic s Glasgow, and adult females s Fund for Scotland. The Centre maps within the societal theoretical account of wellness which is a good quality of a good community development undertaking and it handles several societal issues runing from societal isolation, unemployment, instruction, fiscal issues, in-migration affairs, lodging, disablement and Domestic maltreatment which has systematically being the highest per centum of all other instance over the old ages. The addition in the figure of instances of Domestic maltreatment brought about the development of the bar protection and proviso ( PPP ) of force against adult females undertaking and this is in maintaining with the rule of a good community development undertaking which should be able to turn to the precedence demand of the people every bit good as educating and authorising the community. I did non hold contact with the participants. I accessed the undertaking by speaking to the counsellors and the staff at the centre and through some written informations. I observed the centre is service user positive and involves full engagement from people of the community with bead in Sessionss for clients during hebdomad yearss, free entree to computing machines and a resource library incorporating an spread outing scope of books, cusps, magazines, on different subjects particularly on Islamic subjects peculiarly Focused towards adult females. Information on services and resources in Glasgow and remainder of Scotland is besides available in the library. Peoples from different cultural group with different linguistic communications are attended to and treated every bit with no favoritism at any degree of the service proviso. MWRC provided a extremist model for its undertakings by prosecuting in inter-sectorial partnerships, community based actions and resources to accomplish its purposes WHAT WENT WRONG/RECOMMENDATION Majority of the jobs encountered in running the undertaking are due to funding. I noticed that some of the support will stop before the completion of the undertaking and this mounts a batch of force per unit area on the organisers. Besides observed was fact that most of the spouses are non so certain of their functions in the undertaking, though Partnership working at both local and international degrees is a powerful tool in running undertakings and really good attack towards the bar of wellness inequality There should be definite definitions of the function to forestall confusion and besides to see to the accomplishment of the purposes of the undertaking. I besides would urge that a sustainable agency of funding be sought for in order to accomplish set ends of the undertaking. There were minimum grounds of wellness hazard appraisal done before get downing the undertaking on the portion of the community and this is really of import and should be done to find foreseeable jeopardies that may bechance on both the organisers and participants of the undertaking in order to cut down the hazards to the barest lower limit. Decision The major purpose of MWRC is to develop the Muslim community, better their ego regard and wellness by interrupting down all the barriers to enable the Muslim adult females take part in all facet of the society and this purpose is in maintaining with the current tendency in public wellness pattern which is to guarantee equality and good wellness at all degrees. Domestic Abuse has over the old ages increased in prevalence and is going a immense public wellness issue with the females being more of the victims of maltreatment. This addition was noticed at the MWRC and lead to the development of the Protection, proviso and bar undertaking. The centre recognizes the community as an of import factor and aims to develop single and community capacity through community acquisition, preparation, community engagement and development in order to impact their lives. It can be argued that the development of the PPP undertaking was initiated by the people of the community as a manner of raising their consciousness to the issue within their community and proviso of support to adult females confronting maltreatment. The undertaking receives immense community engagement and its being evaluated by the response of the people through Questionnaires which is used as a model Partnership working at both local and international degrees is a powerful tool employed by MWRC in their assorted undertakings and this is a really good attack towards the bar of wellness inequality. Partnership besides enables combined attempt geared towards accomplishing the set out ends. In turn toing wellness inequality, MWRC, were actively involved in Advocacy programmes, intersectorial partnerships, Lobbying of policy shapers to act upon wellness policies. The usage of referral systems were besides employed to heighten buttocks to mainstream services and undertake the issues of wellness inequality. This survey provides of import information about current attitudes and beliefs of wellness attention suppliers toward domestic maltreatment diagnosing and direction, which can be instrumental in planing appropriate clinical intercessions to better attention in primary attention scenes. .

Error Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Error - Essay Example For our companies set we have a good RMSE Mean absolue error is the average of the difference between predicted and actual value in all test cases; it is the average prediction error. It is similar to RMSE. Again The biggest MAE=0.080486 is for Technitrol, but even this small mean confirms the accuracy of our prediction. The t-statistic, which is computed as the ratio of an estimated coefficient to its standard error, is used to test the hypothesis that a coefficient is equal to zero. To interpret the t-statistic, you should examine the probability of observing the t-statistic given that the coefficient is equal to zero. Model parameters significance testing (Student statistics or t-statistics - variate with t-distribution), which is used for coefficient significance estimation in statistical sense, calculates with formula , where model coefficient estimation; null hypothesis (intial hypothesis) relatively to this estimation; Standard Error In our case, we take null hypothesis that our Beta coefficient is insignificant (). It allows simplifying the calculations, in spite of this hypothesis is opposite to desired (that Beta coefficient is significant) one. To define whether coefficient estimation is significant, we are to know the sample power (number of observations) (360 in our case), degrees of freedom, where number of model coefficients (n=2 in our case), and of course significance level - let's take as the most popular. In fact, significance level means the error of first kind probability during hypothesis checking. Let's find the table means for this case. So, =0.05 and In Student's distribution table the necessary mean is equal to 1.64 ("more than 60" row). Let's analyze this result for our companies. The least is 5,01341 for "Parkway Properties". Others are more. It means, that for all companies Beta-coefficient is significant (t-statistics is more than critical - from the table). On the other hand, we can provide t-test also for C-coefficient as critical value of t-statistics is the same 1,64. According to our results, the next companies have C-coefficients, which are not significant (can be not considered in our model). macdermid Raytheon gannett Navistar Ecolab Harsco Halliburton That's because the t-statistics for their C - coefficients are less than 1,64. For other companies these coefficient can't be considered as insignificant as their t-statistics exceeds critical value. They are parkway properties Jacobs engineering jp morgan Target Exxon Mobil technitrol American Express National fuel gas This fact can be explained with some market

Professional Application Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Professional Application - Essay Example Steve Madden is well known for selling its fashionable footwear products which provide cutting edge solution to the customers in the footwear industry. The business of Steve Madden is well known for the novelty in the footwear products and the competitive prices of the footwear in the market. The market capitalization of Steve Madden is under continuous threats due to the strategic movement of its competitors like the BCBG, Nike, etc. BCBG has been able to reduce the points of differentiation in the product lines of Steven Madden. Nike has been able to tap the unexplored market for athletics and sportswear. The changing landscape in the marketing of footwear products of Steve Madden could be analyzed with the help of research on the market demographics, social, economic as well as technological advancements (Kazmi and  Batra, 2009). Due to the changes in the internal and external environments of the footwear business of Steve Madden, the company would need to strategically adopt po licies for a smooth adaptation to such changes. In order to respond to the changing scenario, Steve Madden is required to identify the different target customer segments in the footwear market and then carry out separate approaches for sales and promotion of the footwear products depending on the demand and preferences of the target customer segment. ... The various marketing and sales promotional approaches adopted by Steve Madden for the different customer segments have been described as given below. Children or teenagers The various approaches for sale promotion in order to tap the target market opportunities include better packaging of the footwear products that generally attract the teenage customers. Better packaging creates the first impression among the teenagers before use. In addition to this, any free item offered with the footwear would also be a good sales promotion approach for targeting the teenage customers. In order to promote the footwear products among the teenage customers, Steve Madden could also look to spread the information on the good effects on tender legs due to the usage of their products. Apart from this, the company could also conduct exhibitions of their footwear products with amusements for children in those exhibitions to attract the target customer. The increased time spent by the children and the te enagers along with the parents in such exhibitions would help the company to promote their footwear products in the market. Young men and women The various sales promotion techniques for targeting the young women and men in the market would be adoption of different ways to highlight the cutting edge fashions incorporated in the design of the footwear. The young men and women would be attracted to the new designs and fashions of the footwear promoted by Steve Madden, and this would help the company to survive in the competitive market. Another approach of sales promotion would be to offer competitive prices in the footwear market. The young men and women who are updated with the latest trends and information would be attracted

Community Project that is Hand Washing Education from Kindergarten to Term Paper

Community Project that is Hand Washing Education from Kindergarten to 3rd Grade - Term Paper Example diseases which might be caused due to improper hand-washing practices, a plan needs to be proposed for creating awareness within the Carroll community and also would involve a number of definite activities. Each activity will be highly focused towards demonstrating the significance of hand-washing for the kindergartens and grade 3 children within the various areas of the community. A large number of proposed events will be executed in different locations which would entail school and community based programs with respect to creating awareness concerning the needs of hand-washing for the children within the Carroll community. Kindergarten significantly refers to the education program intended for the children in their preschool periods. The proposed planning for providing educational program related to the significance of hand-washing will include certain activities for the kindergarten till grade 3 children across the Carroll community. The proposed plan will involve certain objectiv es such as, general information that is when to wash hands, the actual process of washing hands along with the use of appropriate soap and liquid materials and miscellaneous information regarding prevention of probable diseases (Harris County Public Health & Environmental Services, 2008). General Information The general information of the awareness program will include various information and impacts related to germs which give rise to a number of physical ailments. With this concern, the hand-washing education program for the kindergartens in the Carroll community will highly focus to deliver the information regarding the negative influences of the germs. The awareness program will be focused to provide information on various communicable diseases to all the government as well as privately... This paper stresses that the hand-washing education program can be considered to be one of the foremost exercises for the kindergarten children to keep them away from the adverse affects of bacterial and other infectious diseases. With this concern, the program will be beneficial for this segment within the Carroll community in order to educate them towards fighting against the germs which are hidden in the skin. The hands are measured to be one of the major carriers of various types of germs from other person or environment to the body. Hands can pick up microorganism from objects that are touched by other persons which might create a vulnerable condition for the human body. Therefore, an appropriate process of hand-washing can be highly considered to be necessary in order to prevent various types of germs that are transferred from the environment or any other subjects. This report makes a conclusion that the hand-washing education program for the kindergarten to grade 3 children can also be considered as one of the major steps for communicating the significance of hand-washing along with the other major issues that might get prompted due to non-washing or inappropriate washing of hands. However, it is also important to address a standard health need along with an effective support of the stakeholders in terms of conducting hand-washing education program for any community.

Database Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Database Systems - Essay Example Likewise, every new version bundled with the database, can easily be upgraded with the latest one, enabling enterprises to enhance web technologies and service oriented architecture (SOA) (, Oracle Forms). Industries that can benefit from this technology involves Financial institutions, Stocks and bonds, Communications, Aerospace, Manufacturing, Retail, Healthcare, Legal, Government and Educational institutes. Furthermore, Oracle Forms assist business developers to create all-inclusive java client applications rapidly, without writing any java codes. Similarly, these applications are created on the basis of rapid application development (RAD) and are optimized for Internet. Of course, java client applications meet and exceed requirements of professional user communities. Furthermore, these web-deployed applications are rich in functionality and available on demand for express processing of large queries and rapid achievement of complex calculations, transactions and analysis. The int egration of builders in â€Å"Oracle forms developer† facilitates business developers to construct complex database forms and business logic robustly with nominal efforts and time. In addition, the developments tools provide powerful features including wizards, drag and drop, and built in menus. Moreover, these powerful features contribute for a creation of fully purposeful applications from database definition with minimum coding in record time. The Oracle forms developer† endow with an open and extensible user interface model, enabling full customization and integrations of applications with Java (, Oracle Developer Tools). To match the pace for the rapidly demands of changing business environment, developments teams are facing challenges, in terms of enhanced application functionality, enhanced user interface and high performance complex configurations. Finally, â€Å"Oracle forms developer† provides a scalable and flexible architecture to deploy and develop h igh performance enterprise solutions to cater business requirements. Furthermore, the existence of integrated delivery environment is operational for Internet applications, to expand and perform by processing thousand of concurrent users (, Oracle Developer Tools). The limitations consist of the GUI functionality that does not work on the forms deployed on the web. For instance, it is not possible to program or modify the cursor style to hourglass. 2 Oracle Reports Oracle reports are an advanced reporting tool used for dynamic and enterprise level reporting. Moreover, it enables businesses to expand and organize information to all levels within in and outside of the organization. It is a component of Oracle fusion middle-ware which is Oracle’s award winning, high-fidelity enterprise reporting tool. In addition, this tool enables businesses to provide instant access to information at all stages in or outside of the organization in an expandable and safe environment. Oracle Rep orts includes Oracle Reports Developer - a prevailing, (WYSIWYG) report design tool and a J2EE 5.0 based Oracle Reports Server. Furthermore, it is a multi-tier architecture to access data sources and develop reports in any format for the web and paper, and to distribute reports to any possible target. Oracle vestiges committed to the development of this technology, and to the continuing release as a component of the Oracle Fusion Middle-ware platform (, Oracle

Marketing Planning and Strategy (Organizations or Individuals) 2 Assignment

Marketing Planning and Strategy (Organizations or Individuals) 2 - Assignment Example One of the most effective tools is to get the customers involved in the marketing process through the social networking sites such as Facebook, MySpace and LinkedIn. Additionally, it is recommended that the customers’ opinions are sought during the testing or initial phase so that they feel part of the entire marketing campaign (Hennig-Thurau et al., 2010; Kotler & Keller, 2011). Both marketers and consumers are crucial elements for effectiveness of the marketing programs. Since the consumers are at the consumption end, the marketing team has to make sure that the messages are communicated via the most frequently used mediums such as social media, technological gadgets (smartphones, tablets) and Television (Akroush, 2012; Kotler & Keller, 2011). Hence, the marketers and consumers have to work like a team so that they can reap the benefits of successfully meeting the customer’s demands. At present, the latest trend in marketing is to develop a two-way strategy which will ease the message delivery and receiving procedure. The professionals have to utilise the mediums available in the market with complete and strategic analysis so that the company can survive in the ever changing market. Hennig-Thurau, T., Malthouse, E., Friege, C., Gensler, S., Lobschat, L., Rangaswamy, A., & Skiera, B. (2010). The impact of new media on customer relationships. Journal of Service Research, 13(3),

EU Law Fundamental Principles of EU Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

EU Law Fundamental Principles of EU Law - Essay Example Therefore, the best way to describe what the decision in the Ratti case is principally about is option b); namely, that the Ratti decision is concerned with when EC Directives can be enforced in national courts. As highlighted above, the ECJ took it as given that Directives are enforceable in national courts as highlighted by the summary of the preliminary ruling in paragraph 1 where the ECJ asserted that â€Å"in cases in which the community authorities have, by means of Directive, placed members states under a duty to adopt a certain course of action, the effectiveness of such an act would be weakened if persons were prevented from relying on it in legal proceedings and national courts prevented from taking it into consideration†. However, in the Ratti decision, the ECJ were concerned with when EC directives can be enforced in national courts as the case involved two directives, with the deadline date for one of the directives not having passed for implementation. This case involved prosecution of Mr Ratti by the Italian Authorities for breaches of national law concerning product labelling and whilst Mr Ratti had complied with two Directives, the expiry for implementation of one had not passed and the court asserted he could only rely the Directive for which the implementation time period had expired provided it was unconditional and sufficiently precise, but not for the Directive whose time period hadn’t expired. In highlighting the right to rely on Directives in national courts, the ECJ asserted in the paragraph 1 summary that â€Å"consequently, a member state which has not adopted the implementing measures required by the Directive in the prescribed periods may not rely, as against individuals on its own failure to perform the obligations which the Directive entails†. Nevertheless, the ECJ highlight in the summary and in the grounds section (paragraphs 20-24) that to be relied on, the Directive must be sufficiently precise and unconditional. Moreover,

Database Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Database Systems - Essay Example Likewise, every new version bundled with the database, can easily be upgraded with the latest one, enabling enterprises to enhance web technologies and service oriented architecture (SOA) (, Oracle Forms). Industries that can benefit from this technology involves Financial institutions, Stocks and bonds, Communications, Aerospace, Manufacturing, Retail, Healthcare, Legal, Government and Educational institutes. Furthermore, Oracle Forms assist business developers to create all-inclusive java client applications rapidly, without writing any java codes. Similarly, these applications are created on the basis of rapid application development (RAD) and are optimized for Internet. Of course, java client applications meet and exceed requirements of professional user communities. Furthermore, these web-deployed applications are rich in functionality and available on demand for express processing of large queries and rapid achievement of complex calculations, transactions and analysis. The int egration of builders in â€Å"Oracle forms developer† facilitates business developers to construct complex database forms and business logic robustly with nominal efforts and time. In addition, the developments tools provide powerful features including wizards, drag and drop, and built in menus. Moreover, these powerful features contribute for a creation of fully purposeful applications from database definition with minimum coding in record time. The Oracle forms developer† endow with an open and extensible user interface model, enabling full customization and integrations of applications with Java (, Oracle Developer Tools). To match the pace for the rapidly demands of changing business environment, developments teams are facing challenges, in terms of enhanced application functionality, enhanced user interface and high performance complex configurations. Finally, â€Å"Oracle forms developer† provides a scalable and flexible architecture to deploy and develop h igh performance enterprise solutions to cater business requirements. Furthermore, the existence of integrated delivery environment is operational for Internet applications, to expand and perform by processing thousand of concurrent users (, Oracle Developer Tools). The limitations consist of the GUI functionality that does not work on the forms deployed on the web. For instance, it is not possible to program or modify the cursor style to hourglass. 2 Oracle Reports Oracle reports are an advanced reporting tool used for dynamic and enterprise level reporting. Moreover, it enables businesses to expand and organize information to all levels within in and outside of the organization. It is a component of Oracle fusion middle-ware which is Oracle’s award winning, high-fidelity enterprise reporting tool. In addition, this tool enables businesses to provide instant access to information at all stages in or outside of the organization in an expandable and safe environment. Oracle Rep orts includes Oracle Reports Developer - a prevailing, (WYSIWYG) report design tool and a J2EE 5.0 based Oracle Reports Server. Furthermore, it is a multi-tier architecture to access data sources and develop reports in any format for the web and paper, and to distribute reports to any possible target. Oracle vestiges committed to the development of this technology, and to the continuing release as a component of the Oracle Fusion Middle-ware platform (, Oracle

EU Law Fundamental Principles of EU Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

EU Law Fundamental Principles of EU Law - Essay Example Therefore, the best way to describe what the decision in the Ratti case is principally about is option b); namely, that the Ratti decision is concerned with when EC Directives can be enforced in national courts. As highlighted above, the ECJ took it as given that Directives are enforceable in national courts as highlighted by the summary of the preliminary ruling in paragraph 1 where the ECJ asserted that â€Å"in cases in which the community authorities have, by means of Directive, placed members states under a duty to adopt a certain course of action, the effectiveness of such an act would be weakened if persons were prevented from relying on it in legal proceedings and national courts prevented from taking it into consideration†. However, in the Ratti decision, the ECJ were concerned with when EC directives can be enforced in national courts as the case involved two directives, with the deadline date for one of the directives not having passed for implementation. This case involved prosecution of Mr Ratti by the Italian Authorities for breaches of national law concerning product labelling and whilst Mr Ratti had complied with two Directives, the expiry for implementation of one had not passed and the court asserted he could only rely the Directive for which the implementation time period had expired provided it was unconditional and sufficiently precise, but not for the Directive whose time period hadn’t expired. In highlighting the right to rely on Directives in national courts, the ECJ asserted in the paragraph 1 summary that â€Å"consequently, a member state which has not adopted the implementing measures required by the Directive in the prescribed periods may not rely, as against individuals on its own failure to perform the obligations which the Directive entails†. Nevertheless, the ECJ highlight in the summary and in the grounds section (paragraphs 20-24) that to be relied on, the Directive must be sufficiently precise and unconditional. Moreover,

Statement of Purpose Essay Example for Free

Statement of Purpose Essay I am determined to become a top engineer and researcher in radiology, advancing the development and application of this important technology. This is an era when information technologies, such as electronics and computer science, are mushrooming throughout the world. But how about radiological science? Is it a diminishing subject without a future? Of course not! It is a research area that has a unique and indispensable position in many fields such as industry and medical science. In my point of view, radiological science can be classified as a branch of information technology. Why? Combined with computer science and electronics, radiology provides us with information that was originally thought to be invisible such as the interior structure of metal, the image of the inside of the human body and even the existence of a celestial body far away from us. With the capacity of acquiring many kinds of important information, radiology is undoubtedly a promising research field. My initial interest in radiological science was sparked by a visit to the laboratory of the Large Container Inspection System (LCIS) when I was a freshman of Tsinghua University. LCIS, specially designed for Customs, was one of the key national projects taken charge by the Department of Engineering Physics. As a fruit of radiological science, it can present the image of the interior of a large container without even opening it. The seemingly magical power was really attractive to me, a young man with a keen curiosity and the ambition to fulfill accomplishments in engineering and applied technology. In the spring of 1999, I entered the (name) Laboratory and began to assist the professor in research. The assistants job offered me a great opportunity to work with and learn from the professors and graduates in the lab, who had not only taught me a lot of knowledge in radiology, but also impressed me with their enthusiasm and devotion to this field. To be competent in the job, often went to the library to read books and science journals on radiology, such as the Nuclear Instruments and Methods and IEEE Nuclear Science ; Medical Imaging. This reading, though a little bit difficult, brought to me valuable information of the state-of-the-art technology. With my broadening mind and growing interest, I am determined to become a top engineer and researcher in radiology, advancing the development and application of this important technology. While reading the journals, I discovered that the US is the best place to pursue my further study and research because of its favorable atmosphere of research in radiology. And the University of (name), one leader in nuclear engineering, has the graduate program that I most want to be associated with. From web sites and publications introducing the (university name), I learned that you are conducting a wide range of research in radiology, much of which I am interested in, such as radiation instrument design and radiation imaging. With the world-class faculty, advanced facility, nurturing and challenging environment, your graduate school is the best place where I can extend myself with the most advanced technologies. I know that the admission to your school is very competitive and challenging. But I am confident that I am qualified and well prepared for it. The undergraduate study in Tsinghua has built for me a solid academic foundation in mathematics and physics as well as in my major. Intelligent and diligent, I received outstanding records in the courses Ive taken and my overall GPA is in the top 5% of our department, for which I have been granted scholarships for 4 consecutive years. My research ability is also outstanding. In my college years, I took advantage of every opportunity to enhance my research ability and enrich my research experience in my major. I carefully and creatively planned and conducted the experiments in all the lab courses, such as Lab of Physics and Lab of Modern Physics. In the course of Modern Physical Electronics, I, with one of my classmates, designed an experiment to test the transmission feature of electrical cable used in the oil well nuclear logging system, and proposed some advice to make improvements. I also took part in the SRT (student research training) program, doing lab work on the application of virtual instrument in radiation detection and nuclear instrumentation. In the lab, I am appreciated by my advisor, Professor (name) for I am not only able to conduct research independently, but also understand how to cooperate with others. As a college student, I am well developed in many aspects. As the monitor of the class, I showed responsibility and leadership in my work. For my excellence in English ability (please refer to the Resume), I was selected as the editor of the University English TV Station and the broadcaster of the University English Radio Station. I love sports and take part in many fields of it: I am the captain of the basketball team of the class, the fourth place winner in the University Badminton Tournament and a good I-go player. In the annual Comprehensive Quality Assessment taken by the university to scale the students all around ability, I am always the top student of my class. I can not forget the days when I was in primary school, short and weak, always failing in the sports matches. With my enthusiasm in sports and the determination to become strong, I started to exercise. Each time when I was exhausted from running, out of breath and my legs aching, it was my perseverance that had kept me on the track. With my efforts paying off, my conviction became firmer: determination and perseverance is crucial in peoples success. With my perseverance and strong interest, as well as the academic background and the research ability, I am confident that I am a suitable candidate for your graduate program. My intended field of study is radiation measurement and imaging, medical physics and other related areas in radiology science. If I could be admitted and financially aided, I would like to pursue my PhD degree there. And after that, I will come back to China, to enter industry or research institutes to promote the research and application of radiological science

Financial Analysis Of British American Tobacco Plc Finance Essay

Financial Analysis Of British American Tobacco Plc Finance Essay Introduction The purpose of this report is to provide information Interpretation of British American Tobacco plc (BAT) in terms of historical record, comparative financial indicators, and position in the market along with key value drivers for the company and performance indicators. This is done by analysing the information provided in the historical and present financial statements. About British American Tobacco Revenue Analysis British American Tobacco is a public company listed on the London Stock Exchange, which has direct and indirect stakes in several companies together constituting to be the British American Tobacco Group of companies. The group achieved gross turnover of GBP 40,713 million with revenues amounting to GBP 14,208 Million in the year 2009. There are more than 250 brands in their portfolio with Dunhill, Kent, Lucky Strike Paul Mall being their flagship cigarette brands which are together sold in more than 120 countries with total sales constituting 196 Billion cigarette units (Annual Report, 2009). The company follows the accounting cycle starting 1st January of the calendar year ending on 31st December of the same calendar year. The company currently has 95,710 employees on its payrolls. It sold 724 Billion cigarette units in the same year and has production capabilities in 50 cigarette factories based in 41 countries. British American Tobacco is the second largest tobacco company in the world (Excluding China), while it has 6.4% share of the UK market, dominant players being Imperial Tobacco Japan Tobacco International (Nielsen Data, Feb 2010). 74% of BATs sales come from the developing countries emerging economies (Annual Report, 2009). Revenue by Geography BATs largest market lies in Western Europe which accounted for 27.3% of its total revenues in FY 2009. BAT saw an increase of 20.7% from the revenues it had registered in the FY 2008. Asia Pacific accounted for 23% of its total revenues while Americas accounted for 22.2%. Eastern Europe accounted for 11.5% o the total revenues while the highest performed for BAT turns out to be Africa and Middle east which accounted for 22.2% but it saw an increase of 31.2% in terms of revenue over last year. Historical Performance Analysis British American Tobacco was established as a joint venture between the Imperial tobacco group of the United Kingdom the American Tobacco Group of the United States in the year 1902. Subsequently, In the year 1911 the company was listed on the London Stock Exchange. In 1913, the company looked overseas for expansion and entered the Argentinean markets. In the 1920s, British American Tobaccos capitalization had quadrupled since 1902 and sales grew by nearly a factor of 40. In 1923, The Companys worldwide sales had grown to 50 billion cigarettes per year. By 1962, British American Tobaccos capitalization allowed it to move towards diversification. It grew consistently, however, and was achieving turnover at the rate of 15% per annum by 1970. Diversifying and expanding at a rapid pace, British American Tobacco became a well known brand globally. With uncertainty about a long term market in tobacco, steps were taken to reduce BATs dependence on the tobacco industry. In 1986, only half o f its total pre tax profit came from tobacco group which was down from 57% pre tax profit BAT achieved in the year 1985. The 1990s were not a good time of the decade for tobacco sales as companies in the industry faced several lawsuits and litigations. The U.S. courts awarded verdicts which cost the tobacco companies millions of dollars as the consumer claimed tobacco related illness and relatives of smokers who claimed heavy compensation. The company continued with its strategy to take over small to midsized companies as it acquired Canadas dominant tobacco company, Imasco in the year 2000. The company has been consistently achieving Year on Year growth in the range of 8-12% in terms of revenue since 2005. While it has consistently maintained the operating margin percentage in the range of 26%-29% from 2005 to 2009, the Adjusted Diluted earnings per share has been rising from 56.9p in 2000 to 153p in the year 2009 (Annual Report, 2005-2009). Annual Report Analysis The goal of accounting information is to provide economic decision makers with useful information, according to Williams, Haka, Bettne Carcello (2006, p. 670). Financial statements analysis is not just important for the shareholders but various stakeholders as well. The Group has prepared its annual consolidated financial statements in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), as endorsed by the European Union. Some of the highlights of the Annual Report include revenue increase of 10% at constant rates of exchange 17% at current rate, when compared to the financials for the year 2008. Adjusted profits from operations too increased by 10% at constant rates and 20% at current rates. The total benefit of the result amounted to GBP 355 Million, which resulted in adjusted diluted earnings per share grow by 19% to 153 pence. Over the past 5 years, BAT has achieved a compounded annual growth rate of 15% in earnings per share and 19 % in dividends per share. The total shareholder returns over the same 5 year has been 175% compared to the FTSE 100 index which gave 35% returns to the investors. The financial analysis views the group as a strong player in the global tobacco industry. The resilience in achieving profits wealth generation along with geographical diversification has positioned the group as a multi national company with strong fundamentals which makes it more susceptible to face risks and unforeseen events in the future. In the first half of the financial year 2009, Sales volumes had increased by 4% or declined by 2% when the benefit derived from acquisition was excluded. BATs free cash flow remained strong and resilient during the year 2009 and looks set to remain the same in the year 2010 despite volume pressures. Price increases sales improvements continue to offset the volume pressure faced by the company in the broad range of other markets. In the financial year 2009, FFO was 31% of fully adjusted debt which was 3% points higher than the FFO in the year 2008. The reason for the same was marginal decrease in debt along with the increase in earnings due to acquisitions. The absorption of operating cash flow in to discretionary spending has slowed due to the company suspending the offer to buy back shares until further notice given. BAT is likely to generate free cash flows despite various expenses like restructuring dividend payments to the shareholders as it has ample internal liquidity, cash flow characteristics access to capital markets. The liquidity of BAT was supported by a) USD 1.75 Billion revolving credit facility for a five year period which along with the cash balance of USD 1.3 billion exceeded gross debt maturing on June 2010; b) Bond maturities; Bond worth USD 2.5 billion were issued to extend the groups debt portfolio c) Finance accessibilities; It has ready access to credit facilities on offer by the financial institutions; d) Significant cash position in excess of USD 1billion. Based on analysis, BATs profitability margins are on par with its global peers. BAT intends to improve its sales by 2 % year on year by price increases and product mixes. Market share reached by BAT in specific markets determined its profitability. Operating margin in developing countries can be compared with the margins achieved in matured markets as shown by the margin achieved in excess of 30% in regions like Latin America, Africa and Middle East. EBIDTA margins for BAT in the year 2009 figured 36%, has had a significant rise of 2.5% percentage point from 33.5% margin it achieved in 2008 and 32.5% in 2007. One widely accepted method of assessing financial statements is ratio analysis which uses data from balance sheet and income statement to produce interpretation which have financial meaning to it. Assessment of the financial health of a business is quick and relatively simple when information is derived using the relevant financial ratios. Ratio Analysis A ratio is a simple mathematical expression of the relationship of one item to another, according to Williams, Haka, Bettner, and Carcello (2005, p. 674). Ratios can provide diverse information to diverse financial information users. The analysis of annual report suggests the following ratio analysis of the group. The relevant ratios have been grouped and presented in this paper under various heads. Profitability Assessment: Operating Margin: BAT achieved an operating margin of 31.12% in the year 2009 mainly due to savings it achieved in supply chain, general overheads and indirect costs. The impact of higher leaf prices and input costs were offset due to these savings. It allowed the overall operating margin to increase from 30.7% to 31.4% in the year which was much greater than the industry and sector average of 22.01% and 10.10% respectively. BAT also, had much better margins when compared to Japan tobacco which could achieve operating margin of 4.76%. Return on Equity: BAT has been a fundamentally sound company demonstrating consistency in giving return on equity to its shareholders. In the FY 2009, BATs Return on Equity was standing at 37.05% which was considerably higher than the industry and sector average of 11.57% and 8.01% respectively. While Japan Tobacco could manage to achieve little less than 10% Return on Equity, BAT has been since the past able to maintain consistent returns. In the past four years starting 2005 2008, BAT gave returns of 26.12%, 27.70%, 28.95% 30.44% respectively. These numbers give confidence to investors and allow BAT to be looked upon as a good company to place ones bet on. Return on Capital Employed (ROCE): Corporate Profitability can be determined by assessing the trading profit that the company has achieved over the capital employed by it to achieve the same. BAT achieved an ROCE of 20.82% in the FY 2009 which is slightly better than the Industry average and sector average. BAT fared approximately twice as better when compared to Japan Tobacco. Asset Utilisation: Asset Turnover: BAT was able to main asset utilisation which was on par with the industry average. The industry average for the FY 2009 was 0.58, while BAT registered an asset utlisation ratio of 0.73. The company is expected to register even better numbers in the near future as FY 2009 saw some acquisitions which resulted in BATs performance on par with the market in terms of making its asset sweat. Closure of the Soeborg factory in Denmark, Downsizing of manufacturing plant in Australia and impairment charges for certain software assets resulted in these assets having minimum and limited future economic benefit. But with consolidation resulting in greater savings and better utlisation of the assets of the companies acquired in the emerging markets, the asset turnover ratio is expected to fare better in the next financial year. Interest Cover: BATs interest cover remains steady at 8.6x in the FY 2009 compared to 8.5x which was reported in the FY 2008. It was offset as a result of the financial arrangements carried out for the acquisitions. Pre-Tax impact on adjusting item distorts the interest cover. Risk Tolerance By analysing the financial statements, BATs policy seems to be moderate as it focuses on maintaining EBIDTA coverage of gross interest payments between 5x and 9x at the same time maintaining cash balance exceeding USD 1 billion and five year maturity on its debt profile. BAT needs to strike a fine balance between acquisitions and share buy backs to avoid over stretching its debt capacity over a short time frame due its commitments to a 65% annual dividend payout ratio. In the year 2008, BAT reduced its annual buy back commitment from USD 750 Million to USD 400 Million to accommodate acquisitions. BAT also suspended its buy back program in 2009 until further notice. Cash Flow Adequacy Growing profitability would benefit the companies debt protection metrics to a greater extent. Strong conversion of profits into cash supports BATs financial metrics. The groups future working capital requirements will remain stable in proportion to its annual sales unless there are any significant large scale acquisitions. BATs capital expenditure of its net operating cash flows is very low when compared with the averages in food, beverage tobacco industries. In the year 2009, BATs capital expenditure accounted for 15%-20% of net operating cash flows. BATs future capital expenditure is most likely to grow giving the compounded annual growth rate of the company along with the industry. Key Performance Indicators The key performance indicators for BAT has been its consistent ability to maintain growth in its core competency. Revenue for the FY 2009 grew by 17% which is 3 4 per annum greater than the target growing revenue for the medium and long term. This was possible due to acquisitions it made and favourable exchange rate movements. One of the key strengths of the company in terms of its performance is its diversified global drive brands which constitute majority of the sales for the company. Though growth of 16% was achieved in the FY 2008 in this segment, FY 2009 volumes grew by 4% which is coherent with the companys strategy to achieved single digit growth over the long run. The adjust profit from operations achieved by the firm was well above the company target to achieve 6% profit from operations. BAT registered a growth of 20%. The net cash from operating activities in the FY 2009 was up by  £26 million to  £ 2630 million. Free cash flow per share increased by 2%, the ratio of free cash flow to adjusted diluted earnings was 86%. Adjusted Earnings Per Share (EPS) had grown at an average of 11% over the last ten years. This exceeds the companys target of growing at a single digit figure per annum on an average. Adjusted diluted EPS grew by 19% in the year 2009. S.W.O.T. Analysis Strengths: Diversified Global Brand Drive (GBD) portfolio One of the keys strengths of the group is its diversified portfolio of cigarette brands. In the FY 2009, overall volume of the GBD grew by 4%. Emerging Economies Currently, 74% of BATs revenues come from the emerging economies. Enhanced Internal Operations BAT saved GBP 239 Million in the FY 2009 by improving its supply chain, overheads and indirect costs. Weaknesses: Legal Issues Recoupment actions and Class actions are filed against the company and its subsidiaries which in turn impacts not only the brand image but also its cost structure. Poor Asset Utlization The companys Return on Assets (ROA) and Return on Equity (ROE) has been poor when compared to its competitors. Philip Morris International and Altria Group recorded an ROA of 29.7% and 20% respectively with BAT recorded an ROA of 15.1% only. Similarly, ROE for BAT was lower than Philip Morris International which recorded 99.2% while BAT could achieve 40.6% only. Opportunities Acquisitions BAT completed an acquisition of a Turkish state owned tobacco company in the year 2008 which elevated its market share from 7% to 36%. In the same year, BAT Bought Skandinavisk Tobakskompagni (ST) which allowed it to increase annual sales of approximately 30,000 million cigarettes. Recently BAT acquired PT Bentoel Internasional Investama, Indonesias fourth largest cigarette maker which had sales of around 250 million cigarettes a year. These acquisitions would increase the global presence of BAT across the globe and in turn enhance its topline and profitability. Growth of Tobacco Industry The tobacco industry is forecasted to witness growth. It is estimated that there would be 1.3 billion smokers in the world by 2020 up from 1.3 billion currently. According to the Datamonitor estimates, the global tobacco market generated total revenues of $429.3 billion in 2009, representing a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 3.1% for the period spanning 2005-2009. Cigarette sales generated total revenues of $394.2 billion in the FY 2009, equivalent to 91.8% of the markets overall value. The global tobacco market is forecasted to have a value of $490.2 billion, an increase of 14.2% since 2009. BAT is the second-largest global cigarette player. It tends to benefit from this positive outlook. Threats Illicit Trade Illicit trade is estimated up to 660 million cigarettes a year which represents 12% of world cigarette consumption. This results in losses upto GBP 4 Billion to GBP 7 billion a year. Increase in illicit trade would reduce revenues of the company. Advertising restrictions Brand Building, advertising and promotion are facing hindrances globally. The absence of marketing would effect introduction and promotion of new products in the markets. It could have a negative impact on BATs sales. Consumer focus and awareness on health issues Increasing health consciousness and introduction of substitutes to cigarettes into the market has led to decline of sales for the company. Pharma products and nicotine replacement patches along with chewing gums are the new source of harmless alternatives. What makes British American Tobacco work? The year 2009 was a challenging year for the Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) segment. Total market volumes declined by 2% for the BAT products. The overall performance for BAT was firm . It continued to invest in its marketing initiatives which resulted in it maintaining its market share in key markets. The Global Drive brands (GDB) grew by combined 4% in terms of volume. These accounted for 27% of the global volume sales for BAT. The overall brand mix for BAT is balanced between premium, mid-price low-price. Managing business to business relationships makes up for a large part of BATs trade marketing activities. BAT co-ordinate its business with its trading partners to ensure that it is able to meet the demands of the customer at the right place and at the right time. This has worked out well for the company as it helps it maintain the market share in a highly competitive tobacco industry. Understanding customer and their needs is of the core non financial activities of BAT. BAT regularly surveys their customer base internationally against its peers in the FMCG industry and particularly against its competitiors in the tobacco industry. Their efforts made them be recognised as the leading business in the tobacco category for customer relationship management by Dow Jones sustainability index for the third successive year in 2009. Apart from its own marketing initiatives, BAT makes efforts to develop marketing programmes jointly with its retail partners, who engage with consumers in market channels like Global Travel Retail and Global Convenience Retail. For BAT, the Direct Store Sales in the most preferred way of selling cigarettes to customers. It fecilitates greater access to consumer information and market. It has also helped them with a direct commericla link to their most strategic retail accounts. In the FY 2009, total sales volumes distributed through DSS reached 50%. Integrated Global Enterprise Apart from the key revenue generators for the company, BAT has been able to achieve growth by savings. BAT was successful in turning a multinational business operations in over 180 markets into an integrated global enterprise which take better advantage of its scale. It led to savings in supply chain, overheads and indirect costs amounting to  £239 million. The company has a target achieve  £800 million savings by 2012.