The Impeachment of Richard Nixon and Bill Clinton :: Politics Political

Impeachment is the ultiomate punishment for a president. It is a long and complicated rout to removing a public official from office. The Constitutional process Article II, section 4 specifies the procedures to be used to remove a public official from office(CNN/All Politics). The constitution states that and president found guilty for bribery, treason, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. thither has been a long debate on what should be considered a high crime. Different people in the House share different views. Ultimately it is up to the Hose to decide to drop the charges or further the investigation. If the public official is found guilty a two thirds majority vote from the Senate is necessary. The most recent president to face an impeachment hearing was Bill Clinton. A previous case involving Richard Nixon, Watergate, was held in 1974. Rather than facing an embarrassment with impeachment Nixon chose to resign in disgrace.Both cases were actually much similar yet different. I n the Watergate scandal many of Nixons dirty tactics were learned, including assorted lists of enemies,a number of which became targets of IRS tax audits, wiretapping, political sabotage, burglary, blackballing, and smear campaigns(Geriouese). Similarly, as Clintons case unfolded, the scandal appeared to involve more than just a sexual assault. It was clear that the Republicans were out to get former President Clinton, when the Whitewater case emerged. Republicans were desperate to contract Clinton guilty of covering up financial impropriety in his Arkansa invenvestments prior to becoming president. When speacial prosecutor Robert Fiske Jr. turned up no evidence, Republicans demanded his removal. Kenneth Starr was appointed the position. He began an open-ended inquiry into every corner of Clintons life. Clinton was ultimetly found not guilty.The first major set back of President Bill Clinton arose from a series of events following the filing of a lawsuit on May 6, 1994, by Paula J ones in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Arkansas(Starr). Ms. Jones alleged violations of her federal official civil rights in 1991 by President Clinton when he was governor of Arkansas and she was an Arkansas state employee. According to the her allegations, Governor Clinton invited Ms. Jones to his hotel room where he made a sexual advance that she rejected. Clintons attorneys tried to get the caes to rest until his term as president was over. The Supreme Court decide against the recommendation and the court proceeded.

The Delusional Governess in Henry James The Turn of the Screw Essays

The existence of the ghosts in The Turn of the Screw has always been in debate. Instead of directly discussing whether the ghosts argon real or not, this essay will focus on the reliability of the governess, the narrator of the recital. After making a close examination of her state of heed while she is at Bly, readers of The Turn of the Screw will have many more clues to ponder again and to decide to what extent the governess can be believed. age critics like Heilman argue that there atomic number 18 problems with the interpretation that the governess was psychopathic, textual evidence incorporated with scientific research show that the governess did go through a percentage point of psychical disorder that caused her insomnia, out of which she created hallucinations. In the prologue, Douglas gave a detailed account of the master from the governesss point of view. She regarded him as handsome and bold and pleasant, off-hand and intrepid and kind he struck her (James 4). Later on we learn from Douglas that the governess accepted the job at Bly for the masters sake, and of course the generous salary offered by the master. Without any experience, the governesss passions for the master supported her to accept the job and confirmed her decision to take the challenge even though she feared not having the ability to go through the job. The moral of which was of course the seduction exercised by the splendid young man. She succumbed to it (James 5). With the love for the master, the governess had the courage to visit the master again and eventually took the job. He held her hand, thanking her for the sacrifice, she already felt rewarded (James 6). Her obsession with the master was somehow repressed owing to the absence of the master and the condi... ...ose cannot be the proof of the reliability of the governess. The issue whether the governess was insane or not whitethorn never be solved. Not only because critics seem to be able to find as much evidence as pos sible to prove their arguments plainly also, the reliability of the account of the governess colors the whole account with great ambiguity. We are not certain of the state of school principal of the governess when she wrote down the story and when she related the story to Douglas. However, as we closely examine the state of mind of the governess, her reliability does appear to be in question. Beidler provided two readings of The Turn of the Screw and in the second superstar he declared the governess saw only what she wanted to see (Beidler 9). She was so exhausted from her prolonged insomnia that she envisi championd a story with ghosts for herself to fulfill her growth as a governess. The Delusional Governess in Henry James The Turn of the Screw EssaysThe existence of the ghosts in The Turn of the Screw has always been in debate. Instead of directly discussing whether the ghosts are real or not, this essay will focus on the reliability of the governess, the narr ator of the story. After making a close examination of her state of mind while she is at Bly, readers of The Turn of the Screw will have many more clues to ponder again and to decide to what extent the governess can be believed. piece critics like Heilman argue that there are problems with the interpretation that the governess was psychopathic, textual evidence incorporated with scientific research show that the governess did go through a flow of psychical disorder that caused her insomnia, out of which she created hallucinations. In the prologue, Douglas gave a detailed account of the master from the governesss point of view. She regarded him as handsome and bold and pleasant, off-hand and amusing and kind he struck her (James 4). Later on we learn from Douglas that the governess accepted the job at Bly for the masters sake, and of course the generous salary offered by the master. Without any experience, the governesss passions for the master supported her to accept the job and confirmed her decision to take the challenge even though she feared not having the ability to contact the job. The moral of which was of course the seduction exercised by the splendid young man. She succumbed to it (James 5). With the love for the master, the governess had the courage to visit the master again and eventually took the job. He held her hand, thanking her for the sacrifice, she already felt rewarded (James 6). Her obsession with the master was somehow repressed owing to the absence of the master and the condi... ...ose cannot be the proof of the reliability of the governess. The issue whether the governess was insane or not whitethorn never be solved. Not only because critics seem to be able to find as much evidence as possible to prove their arguments further also, the reliability of the account of the governess colors the whole story with great ambiguity. We are not certain of the state of mind of the governess when she wrote down the story and when she related th e story to Douglas. However, as we closely examine the state of mind of the governess, her reliability does appear to be in question. Beidler provided two readings of The Turn of the Screw and in the second one he declared the governess saw only what she wanted to see (Beidler 9). She was so exhausted from her prolonged insomnia that she envisioned a story with ghosts for herself to fulfill her growth as a governess.

A Comparison of Fahrenheit 451 and Dover Beach Essay -- Ray Bradburys

     Fahrenheit 451 is a well-written book that tells a story of a dream humankind and one man who wakes up from that dream. Montag, the protagonist of the story, brings home a book of poetry one day and begins to read the poem Dover Beach by Matthew Arnold to his wife and her guests. Many critics conceptualise that Bradbury picked this poem beca riding habit it paralleled life in his book. The poem Dover Beach can be comp ared to Fahrenheit 451 because some(prenominal) pieces of writing talk about themes of true love, trick and allover hopelessness.     One of the modes Fahrenheit 451 can be related to Arnolds Dover Beach is by connecting the absense of true love in both of them. Throughout the book, Montag slowly realizes that he does not truly love his wife Mildred. In the beginning, Montag believes that he truly loves Mildred. However, as the book goes on, he meets Clarisse, and begins to change his way of thought. He slowly begins t o wake up from the dream world that he is living in. As he begins to know Clarisse, he slowly realizes that Mildred does not piece of ground the same deep passion for life that he does. At the beginning of the Sieve and the Sand, Montag frantically reads books to gain more knowledge. Mildred complains and kicks the books around, showing that her and her husband are evolution apart. At the end of the book, Montag is talking to Granger, and says "... Even if she dies, I realized a moment ago, I dont think Ill feel sad (155)". This shows that Montag does not care for his wife as lots as he thought he did before. In the poem, Arnold states "a land of dreams ...hath really neither joy, nor love, nor light". The world in Arnolds poem is a land of dreaming. While people are dreaming of true love and joy, there is none in the real world that you make out in once you wake up from the dream. Once the confused alarms of struggle and flight wake you up, you realize that the w orld is really void of love and happiness. The world in Arnolds poem is a world parallel to that of Bradburys both are worlds that do not contain love or light, as much as people in them would like to believe otherwise.     Both Fahrenheit 451 and Dover Beach are pieces of writing that deal with lands of fantasy. The true world that Bradbury lived in enchantment writing Fahrenheit 451 was one of real books that peop... ...e, because the laws of the universe dont let it out. Similarly, the hopelessness of the human race is shown through the fact that it goes through its life cycles, yet globe know what theyre doing and try to fix it. Even though it does not work, that is their cry for help, just as the Sea of Faith cries out to be released from its tides.     Writers often use other works in their books to back up what their writing is trying to prove. Ray Bradbury uses the fancys in the poem Dover Beach by Matthew Arnold to support the ide a that his book shows the absence of true love, the existence of fantasy worlds, and the reality of hopelessness. Both the book and the poem show that the world is a land of fantasy where things are not always as they appear, and that as much as they want to do something, the nature of people can hold us back from doing things. Both Dover Beach and Fahrenheit 451 show worlds of beings that are trapped in a cage and forced to live a certain way, as much as they dont want to. As much as human beings today dont believe this can happen, if we give into the natural way of humans, we may just constitute the same path that Bradburys people did.

Its Time to Reform the Endangered Species Act Essay -- Argumentative

Its Time to Reform the exist Species exemplifyIn 1973, Congress passed the Endangered Species second. The motion was passed in response to findings by Congress that growth and development were responsible for the extinction of species of fish, wildlife and plants.This Act was to provide programs to entertain species identified as either endangered or threatened. It also mandated national agencies and departments to protect endangered and threatened species in their own operations, as well as work with State and local agencies to further promote conservation and vindication of identified species.By the definition of the Endangered Species Act, a species covered by the regulation is either classified Endangered if threatened with extinction, or Threatened if in a state of decline that might place it on the endangered list.As of 23 March 2003, 1262 species of plants and animals were listed as endangered or threatened by the Endangered Species Act, with thirty-three species pro posed for listing. To date, twenty-six species have been removed from the list, either due to convalescence or the discovery of new information about their status, while cardinal were removed due to becoming extinct.THIRTY YEARS LATER NEW LOOKS AT THE SUCCESS OF THE ACTThere are concerns about the Endangered Species Act upon business, industry, and property owners, as well as Wildlife groups, about the effectiveness of the Act in protecting and restoring listed species.A report from the bionomical Society of America empower Strengthening the Use of Science in Achieving the Goals of the Endangered Species Act, calls upon the Federal political sympathies to adopt a more-proactive approach in species preservation. They note that by the prison term a species... ... important. But anything worth doing is worth doing right. The Act should be reformed in a manner which will increase cooperation by all elicit parties, and in doing so, help us reach the ultimate objective of the Endangered Species Act.SOURCESEcological Society of America, The. Strengthening the Use of Science in Achieving the Goals of the Endangered Species Act http//www.esa.org/publications/esarpt.htm National Endangered Species Act Reform Coalition http//www.nesarc.org/ National Wildlife Institute. Conservation beneath the Endangered Species Act A Promise Broken http//www.nwi.org/SpecialStudies/ESAstudy.html U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Endangered Species Information U.S. Fish http//endangered.fws.gov/wildlife.html U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. The Endangered Species Act of 1973 http//endangered.few.gov/esa.html Its Time to Reform the Endangered Species Act Essay -- Argumentative Its Time to Reform the Endangered Species ActIn 1973, Congress passed the Endangered Species Act. The Act was passed in response to findings by Congress that growth and development were responsible for the extinction of species of fish, wildlife and plants.This Act was to provide program s to protect species identified as either endangered or threatened. It also mandated Federal agencies and departments to protect endangered and threatened species in their own operations, as well as work with State and local agencies to further promote conservation and protection of identified species.By the definition of the Endangered Species Act, a species covered by the legislation is either classified Endangered if threatened with extinction, or Threatened if in a state of decline that might place it on the endangered list.As of 23 March 2003, 1262 species of plants and animals were listed as endangered or threatened by the Endangered Species Act, with thirty-three species proposed for listing. To date, twenty-six species have been removed from the list, either due to recovery or the discovery of new information about their status, while seven were removed due to becoming extinct.THIRTY YEARS LATER NEW LOOKS AT THE SUCCESS OF THE ACTThere are concerns about the Endangered Spe cies Act upon business, industry, and property owners, as well as Wildlife groups, about the effectiveness of the Act in protecting and restoring listed species.A report from the Ecological Society of America entitled Strengthening the Use of Science in Achieving the Goals of the Endangered Species Act, calls upon the Federal government to adopt a more-proactive approach in species preservation. They note that by the time a species... ... important. But anything worth doing is worth doing right. The Act should be reformed in a manner which will increase cooperation by all interested parties, and in doing so, help us reach the ultimate objective of the Endangered Species Act.SOURCESEcological Society of America, The. Strengthening the Use of Science in Achieving the Goals of the Endangered Species Act http//www.esa.org/publications/esarpt.htm National Endangered Species Act Reform Coalition http//www.nesarc.org/ National Wildlife Institute. Conservation Under the Endangered Spec ies Act A Promise Broken http//www.nwi.org/SpecialStudies/ESAstudy.html U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Endangered Species Information U.S. Fish http//endangered.fws.gov/wildlife.html U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. The Endangered Species Act of 1973 http//endangered.few.gov/esa.html

Christianity and 18th Century British Literature :: 18th Century British Literature

Christianity and 18th Century British Literature ...no matter what kind of pleasure may await his senses, unless it serves exclusively the glory of God, he needs to bring down it off of him, giving it up out of his love towards Jesus Christ...1 I.Taking its time to establish a radically theological point of view, this attempt aims to apply it to the body of novel literature in 18th century England, probing and inquiring it whether it is in support of Christianity as laid down in the New Testament or not. It assumes the stance of an advocate of the narrow path, the strict and unforgiving measuring scale of those few taking the Christian authority of life truly seriously. Thus, the arguments and deductions have herein - which are the actual purpose of the piece - may well strike materialist and novel-advocate minds as unnotable and subjective. The author, on the other hand, is intemperately convinced - on the grounds of faith - that the conclusions to come are as objective as it is possible, being based on the revelations of the Holy Trinity. All views and opinions featured are his own except where signified.First of all, we may start the discussion with an analogy that sets the mood and aligns the frame of mind to the possible uncommonness of the argument system to be introduced. The images of this analogy will also come handy later and might ease the essays overall understanding for those unaccustomed to the exclusively religious take on life.Picture, if you will, a high wall and thousands of bricks it is comprised of now picture one of the single bricks coming to life, finding itself as part of the wall. This brick in the wall is unable to footmark the dimensions of the structure it was built inside. In case it could come loose and jump out of the wall with the help of a supernatural force, it might be scared at the sight of the oppressive building it used to support for long - and vow never to return to it, but serve its saviour instead.The only sum of establishing a distance between the Truth and human cultures tailormade truth we indulge in does not seem to be any of the traditional manmade tools for extracting and gathering knowledge psychology, sociology, philosophy and their clever alloys leave us running in circles when seeking the cure for all the ominous signs and phenomena in our society.

Christianity and 18th Century British Literature :: 18th Century British Literature

Christianity and 18th Century British Literature ...no matter what kind of pleasure whitethorn await his senses, unless it serves exclusively the glory of God, he needs to cut it off of him, giving it up out of his love towards Jesus Christ...1 I.Taking its meter to establish a radically theological point of view, this essay aims to apply it to the body of novel literature in 18th century England, probing and prying it whether it is in support of Christianity as laid down in the New Testament or not. It assumes the stance of an advocate of the narrow path, the strict and brutal measuring scale of those few taking the Christian way of life truly seriously. Thus, the arguments and deductions featured herein - which are the actual purpose of the piece - may well strike materialist and novel-advocate minds as unnotable and subjective. The author, on the other hand, is firmly convinced - on the grounds of faith - that the conclusions to come are as objective as it is possible, being b ased on the revelations of the Holy Trinity. All views and opinions featured are his own except where signified.First of all, we may start the discussion with an analogy that sets the sense of humor and aligns the frame of mind to the possible uncommonness of the argument system to be introduced. The images of this analogy will also come handy later and might ease the essays general understanding for those unaccustomed to the exclusively religious take on life.Picture, if you will, a high fence in and thousands of bricks it is comprised of now picture one of the single bricks coming to life, conclusion itself as part of the wall. This brick in the wall is unable to measure the dimensions of the structure it was built inside. In case it could come loose and jump out of the wall with the help of a supernatural force, it might be frightened at the sight of the oppressive building it used to support for long - and vow never to return to it, but serve its saviour instead.The only mea ns of establishing a distance between the Truth and human cultures tailormade truth we indulge in does not have the appearance _or_ semblance to be any of the traditional manmade tools for extracting and gathering knowledge psychology, sociology, philosophy and their clever alloys leave us running in circles when seeking the cure for all the dark signs and phenomena in our society.

Eskimo Pie

Eskimo Pie Case Part 1 As an advisor to Reynolds, would you recommend the barter to snuggle or the proposed initial stateing? Subpoints 1. The managers of Eskimo Pie wanted to find an alternative to Nestles acquisition sally for one main reason Eskimo pie would lose its independence. If Nestle went through with the acquisition, Eskimo would not continue its tradition of being a stand-alone company in Richmond with this meaning that its headquarters and management staff would probably be replaced too.Fundamentally, Eskimo was reluctant to being acquired by Nestle beca determination it felt it would be an aggressive takeover of the company. It would ruin a 70-year long business to take wages of its tax conditions and it would probably transform the business similar to a traditional integrated manufacturing and marketing approach. 2. David Clark knew that Goldman Sachs had a long-standing relationship with both Reynolds and Nestle. This meant that GS had a conflict of participati on in this acquisition.The solution that would best satisfy GSs interests would be to sell Eskimo to Nestle but this might not be the best solution for Eskimo. So David Clark is dealing with drinking straw First Securities instead of Goldman Sachs because he wanted to find an alternative to Nestles reach out. Since Wheat First Securities had no long-standing relationship with uncomplete Reynolds nor Nestle, it had no conflict of interest in this acquisition. It could see with more objectiveness which acquisition is the best for Eskimo.Furthermore David had personal interest in dealing with WFS because his own localisation could be put at guess by a Nestle acquisition. 3. IPO alternative Bulls Bears * Good IPO market conditions, in terms of depend of deals and value * No exploitation of possible synergies with competitors, confirmed by Nestle as the major bidder * Updated forecasts containing results (Sales, Net Income, Capex) better than expected * Timing an IPO offer would t ake a longer time than a private sale * Proceeds from the sale at least equal to Nestles offer in the worst hypothesis ($14 sh ar rice) * Uncertainty related to price and future market conditions * Less complications- no terms, provisions, negotiations, or compromises * Lack of expertise of Wheat First Securities * Social Benefits saving a local company and jobs * Reynold would be able to get liquidity Part 2 1. Considering the DFCF model with the projections of Wheat First and growth of FCF of 5%, the equity value of the firm is $47. 286 million. Thus the offer from Nestle of $61 million is appealing for Reynolds, aiming to sell the company.Also the proceeds from the IPO proposed by the management and Wheat First Securities ar able to adequately compensate Reynolds. Assuming a price range within $14 $16, the displace proceeds for Reynolds would be $51. 652 and $57. 230 respectively, still higher than the considered equity value. As a matter of fact the private sale to Nestl e is still the most cheery to Reynolds. 2. To value Eskimo Pie using multiples method we should decide whether to use the movement multiple, available from the Drumstick deal, or business and market establish multiples. The implied value on sales from Drumstick transaction can be used to assess the value of the company only if the two companies and deals are significantly same. In this case accurate information are not available and the peculiar business model of Eskimo Pie, based on licensing, makes this method not highly reliable. * Multiples based on business and market information imply the use of realized or projected values. The management of Eskimo Pie forecasts higher sales in the future years, thus using realized data to orchestrate the value of the company could lead to mispricing.Therefore the information of 1991 is used to implement the method. * Looking at comparable companies, two firms are operating in the same business, conglomerate of Carolina, Inc. and Steve s Homemade Ice Cream. Since multiples based on operating measures such as EBIT or EBITDA depend less on firm supplement and cash than those based on Earnings and we have relevant information available from those two companies, multiples like EV/EBITDA or Firm Value/EBIT seems to be most accurate. Considering the calculations in Exhibit 7 based on the Firm Value/EBIT multiple, Reynolds should sell Eskimo Pie for an amount not less than $56. 68 million. The offer from Nestle is consistent with this military rank of the company, whilst the proceeds from the IPO are sufficient to adequately compensate Reynolds only if the share price is higher than $15. 66. Notwithstanding, if we take into account the implied price using the P/E multiple or transaction multiple, the threshold to sell the company is all the same higher ($82. 891 and $73. 200 respectively). Thus, neither the IPO option nor the Nestle offer are appealing to Reynolds. 3. The theory says that multiples only work if the co mparison group is sufficiently comparable in all other respects.In order to know if we could use other companies multiples or the average of them we must see if they are sufficiently comparable to Eskimo, in other words we must see if the value drivers of the firms are approximately the same. The eligible companies in terms of business model and structure are Empire of Carolina, Inc. and Steves Homemade because they both market ice weft and license their formula. All the other companies having a different business model and structure will not be taken into consideration as comparable companies.As a first comparable driver we will use the operating profit margin. Eskimo has a 6,83% operating profit margin calculated on data of 1990 (exhibit 1). Carolina and Steve instead have respectively 15,38% and 11,11% operating profit margins. This tells us that The tax rate is the same for all companies therefore it is not a relevant driver in making a choice on which comparable company to us e. Since we dont have the cost of capital and the cost of debt, we will comparison the risk class and leverage among the considered companies.We can see that Carolina and Steve have very different risk classes, one is a C and the other is a BBB, Eskimo on the other hand is a BBB because to calculate the WACC we used a cost of debt correspondent to long-term bond in the BBB risk class. So this means that The leverage of the three companies are 0,07 (Eskimo), 0,08 (Steve) and 1,747 (Carolina). Carolina has a very high leverage because its debt is more than 1,5 times its equity, instead the other two have a debt which is inferior to their equity.So even if the two companies have similar business models, through a deeper analysis we found that Eskimo is effectively similar to Steve but very different respect to Carolina. Steve has a closer operating margin to Eskimos than Carolina. It also is in the same risk class, and its leverage is alligned with Eskimos. Carolina on the other hand has more than double of Eskimos operating margin. Its in a riskier class and its leverage is much higher than Eskimos. Therefore it was correct to use Steves Homemade Ice Cream as a comparable company.The only case in which we would use an average, instead, would be if the two companies were both very similar to Eskimo. 4. The fact that DFCF approach gives a set about value for the company than multiples-based approaches depends on market drivers. In particular, the case can be that the DFCF model implies a WACC that does not reflect the cost of capital and implied risk perceived by the market. As a matter of fact the market overvalues future growth opportunities, leading to high multiples on EBIT and Earnings.

Rfid in Walmart Essay

In June 2003 Wal-Mart first announced its plan to implement RFID technology in its leave chain by January 2005 this caught many of the suppliers unawares. Though the plans envisaged compliance from the top c suppliers, around 129 suppliers jumped into the fray, afraid of being left behind in the race. RFID technology was invented in 1969 and patented in 1973 after thirty long courses WalMart has demanded its implementation. Expectations are high, unfortunately RFID technology is still in its infant stage. In November 2003, Wal-Mart erstwhile once more asserted its requirements.The following were explicitly spelt out 1. What the EPC (Electronic Product Code) would be, 2. What class of chips they would accept, and 3. Which distribution centres would start accepting RFID deliveries. Much has happened since then. To its suppliers, Wal-Mart has spelt the requirement of 96-bit EPC with a planetary Trade Identification tot up, which is an international standard. The tags are expected to operate in UHF spectrum (868 MHz to 956 MHz). The plan is to standardize the Class 1 Version 2 of the EPC specification RFIDJournal. Com.The EPC global, a joint venture between Uniform Code Council and EAN (European Article Number) International, is developing this particular standard. This tag will carry the 96-bit serial number and will be field-programmable. This will enable the suppliers to write serial numbers to the tags, when they apply the tags to the products. The EPC-compliant tags in UHF band consists of 1. EPC data format on 2. wizard of the existing communication protocols, Class1 or Class0 two main the parts chip Note Class0 and Class1 specifications differ. Class0 is a factory programmable tag while Class1 permits the end users to write a serial number on it.They are non interoperable. A multi-protocol reader is required to read both(prenominal) tags. The Class1 Version2 that is being pursued is expected to incorporate both specifications of Class0 and Class1. T his Version2 will be a globally accepted protocol. As of now Wal-Mart is already tracking pallets and cases from suppliers coming to one distribution centre. The plan is to expand to new(prenominal) suppliers soon and roll out the technology regionally across the US . By the end of this year, the intention is to track all pallets, and cases of all products from the top 100 US suppliers, and by late 2006, from all US suppliers.Wal-Mart will then begin rolling the technology out internationally. The increased demand has already put together Manhattan Associates working on new software package that will allow companies to plug RFID technology to warehouse management system, on all platforms. Wal-Mart dreams of achieving a great RFID enabled, marking proof, error free, transparent supply chain. To this end, RFID readers are being installed at distribution centres and stores and buying equipment for printing tags. The expense of investments in new technology every year will be c over ed in the normal capital budgetWhy WalMart is adopting RFID? The application of RFID deeper into retail operations than case or pallet-level tracking is not really an Asset Protection driven proposal. The ability to better track SKU level items, smooth out merchandise flow, and prevent out-of- monetary funds while eliminating non-productive, winnings-draining overstock situations is a main tenant of retail. The better Walmart, or anyone give the sack get at doing that, the more control they have in their merchandise investment and the more profit can be squeezed from each dollar invested.With alter profit to investment ratios along with cost-controlling measures such as improved productivity for store level associates, a company can use the gain to pass on in savings to their nodes, which is the real secret to success. Asset protection will benefit from the improved operations as well. Shrink is unaccounted for invested dollars. A retailer invests in merchandise to sell and some where along the trail from factory to store it is lost, sometimes physically, sometimes in the handling and accounting process.The ability to quickly verify actual quantities of items in a store not only enables the retailer to replenish the stock at the right rate of sale, it also eliminates countless hours of searching for the products in backrooms, overstock boxes, risers and any number of other places merchandise finds to hide in a store. When the count is exact as the product is received, matches the invoice with precision, and is then accurately tracked until it is sold, shrink can theoretically become just a unspeakable memory. There is still theft to consider, however RFID offers some improvements in that respect as well.The key is real-time knowledge of the status of key merchandise. Associates can answer to missing one item, instead of hundreds or thousands of dollars worth, before they know there is a problem. Concerns have been expressed over privacy and tags could be used to direct concealed items, but that is not the path to success. If you wait to react to a theft, you still must(prenominal) deal with the situation and there are several pitfalls in apprehending shoplifters and processing internal theft situations. So the bottom line is that it is about immediately identifying loss and taking active measures to prevent further loss.To those expressing concern over the proliferation of technology like RFID in retail, the challenge is to uphold the concerns on a productive level. Retailers are not motivated by big brother-like intentions. They are breed to become as efficient as possible in their operation to shave off every non-productive penny invested. It is how they can beat their competition in pricing giving the consumer the benefit of lower prices and the shareholders the benefit of improved profits. There are real concerns relative to unintended consequences of the misuse of technology.Creating a personalized customer profile is a tem pting marketing strategy. Imagine knowing exactly what every customer who comes in the doors wants to buy, maybe even before they do. Questions of privacy must be addressed openly and a retailer must make efforts to prevent the misuse of data. This new era is where the professional retail LP leader can make a significant contribution. One day, cash registers may be obsolete. Currency could be exchanged virtually and attached directly to people by dint of some kind of biometric authorization.The role of the LP professional will look much different when that day arrives. Getting from where we are to that point will be an enkindle ride. WalMart and RFID The Test Phase From initial experiences of roll out of EPC in select distribution warehouses and stores, there is confidence that the concept will be a long-run success. Experiments with various tag types and tag placements are underway to see how they impact readability on various products in a non-laboratory environment. Goods ship ped to the stores with RFID tags are recorded once at their arriver .By simply waving the scanner at the boxes they are able to know what is inside without having to open anything. Even before the arrival it is possible to know where everything is, which helps to reduce loss during shipment. The tags are read again before they are brought to the sales floor , no reader is installed at the sales point, though. They are read finally at a box crusher after all the items in the case have been put on the store shelves. Their software monitors the different items sold to the customers and the number of cases brought to the sales floor.This generates the information which items will soon be depleted from the shelves? Automatically, almost instantly, a list is generated of items that need to be picked from the backroom to replenish the store shelves. To reduce the amount of time spent at the backroom Wal-Mart has developed a handheld RFID reader. This acts as a kind of Geiger counter tha t beeps when a proletarian gets close to the item he or she needs to pick. It is intended to initially provide this in the original seven stores and then deploy them in lie in of the 140 stores in a phased manner during the year.Wal-Mart has also established a retail link extranet with all its suppliers. This enables them to share data from all RFID read points with their suppliers. When a case is brought out to the sales floor, the status reads Q being put on the shelves , when at the trash compactor the status changes to Q on shelf . Thus within 30 minutes the suppliers get updated on the movement and location of their goods. Suppliers are also learning how to match tags with products and where to place tags for optimum readability. This initial experience will keep them ahead of their competitors.

Cafe Nero Marketing Plan

picvvv v Contents Introduction page 3 OverviewPage 4 selling Audit. Page 5 expletive epitomePage 5 Market Analysis.. Page 8 Micro surround Page 10 Internal Analysis. Page 12 SWOT Analysis.. Page 13 Assumptions. .. Page 14 Marketing Objectives. Page 15 Strategy Choices. Page 16 Marketing Strategies.. Page 17 Places. Page 17 Products. Page 18 Prices.. Page 18 Promotion. .. Page 19 Control & evaluation. Page 20 Expansion . . Page 20 Success of bleak products and targeting operations. Page 20 Brand aw beness.Page 21 Introduction to International ExpansionPage 22 Which come to the forelandish.. Page 22 How to Enter.. Page 23 What Marketing Strategies . Page 23 References & Bibliography.. . . Page 24 vermiform processes . Page 25 Introduction This marketing platform analyses the key success factors of the society and our current market position in rescript to set the next market preys and aims a one grade think strategy to reach those impersonals. In the second part, th is marketing plan outlines the issues that need to be considered to implement Caffe Nero overseas by analysing of international marketing of the company. Caffe Nero root Plc Caffe Nero Group Plc was founded 1977 and soon owns 290 stores from Brighton to Glasgow with ? 0,7 million as turnover. We provide Italian burnt umber bean tree tree in European style hot chocolate houses. Our philosophy consists on serving the best character deep browns and nourishment in a fri expiryly way in a pleasant atmosphere. Corporate Objectives attach our market sh atomic number 18 in UK in revision to be the leader. Starting international expansion in the Western Europe 1. Overview 1. 1 Market segmentation The coffee berry reveal market in UK is estimated at ? 540 million in 2006 and had extendd by 109% surrounded by 1999 and 2004 (Mintel, 2005). This market has emerged in 1990.It is dominated by single-site and independent coffee stores which account for 35% in wrong of outlets f unctions. However, dishonored coffee grass over companies shed grown signifi placetly. In 2004, the raising quaternity s thinked coffee storehouses, which include Starbucks, costa, Caffe Nero and Puccinos, accounted for 23% of the whole market and were anticipate to keep expanding (Mintel, 2005) ( formula 1). Caffe Nero Group Plc is the last entrance between the top fives competitors in the UK coffee ranges market. We currently own 290 stores with a turnover of ? 90,7 million.This is ascribable to an aggressive expansion strategy that we have conducted from 1999. Indeed, we were ranked 20th on the annual listing that gather rapidly growing European companies in the 2004 and 2005 Europes 500. Figure 2 shows how the market sh atomic number 18s were split between the top five competitors in 2004. 2. Marketing Audit This branch shows external and internal factors that characterize the coffee shop market. It is essential to determine them in order to have a better understandi ng of the market characteristics. 2. 1 PEST AnalysisPolitical & Legal Environment Fair trade coffee is becoming an important issue in UK since Starbuck introduced it in 2002. It appe ard first of all(a) in 2000 in the US where activists pressured Starbuck to carry fair-trade coffee in their outlets. Mintel found that 25% of adults who have been to coffee shop agreed that much coffee shop should sell Fairtrade products (Mintel, 2005). This is certainly a significant figure that coffee shop and other outlets selling coffee cannot afford to ignore. The heater-ban in the UK impart be enforced in summer 2007.This means that smoking exit be prohi catched in all told pubs, clubs, restaurants, coffee shops and other public places. This may have both positive and negative impact on the coffee shop market. As happened in Ireland and Scotland where the ban has already been adopted for several historic period, people ar possible to eat more in coffee shop since they pass on be no long er bothered by smoke when eating. However, coffee shops that do not provide an outside smoking atomic number 18a are likely to observe a decline of their visiting as smokers enjoy having cigarettes when drinking coffees.Economic Environment in that location are signs that boom in the UK coffee shop market is over. Store open airing has declined from 2002 (Figure 3) as easy as year-on-year process that has declined from the peak of 23% in 2001 to 9% in 2005 (Figure 4) (Bremner C, Euromonitor international, 2005). Social Environment UK nation is close 60. 2 million with 48 million people living in urban area, where coffee shops tend to be concentrated. Mintel carried out a stare that reveals that the most typical user is in the 25-34 brackets (Mintel, 2005).More precisely, the 20-24 age groups and the wealthy achievers category are the biggest concern of marqueed coffee shops. They are forecast to track rising until 2009 according to UK home(a) Statistics (UK National Stati stics, 2006). As mentioned above, coffee shop market seems to approach the due date date. Thus, coffee shop companies focus more on how increase pass offs by head. Thereby, the come on of Personal Disposal Income (PDI) has become an important factor for companies. In fact, the coffee shop market has taken advantage of the PDI that has been rising since 1999.This should watch until 2009 at least, since PDI is set for similar growth (Mintel, 2005). Allegras pursue, based on 7500 coffee shoppers, sample points out that the most important reason for visiting coffee shop is to relax and to meet friends and colleagues (Allegra Strategies, 2006). Mintels survey makes clear that there is no gender bias in coffee shop consumers which is of much(prenominal) enormousness for the outlets since this makes coffee shops places ideal for couple as well as suitable venues for single men and women to socialise in mixed company (Mintel, 2005).According to Allegras survey, coffee draw a blank loyalty is change magnitude, with significantly more than half of consumers surveyed in 2005 mentioning that they mainly visit their favourite coffee shop (Allegra Strategies, 2006). However, this survey shows that convenience of perspective is the most important reason consumers select a given coffee shop. Thus, the number of outlets is a critical element. Coffee suffers from its image as it contains caffeine which can produce coffee addiction. This may lead people to fear the caffeine dependency.Therefore, Starbuck has communicated that coffee has mellowed level of antioxidants which have been shown to help prevent cancer, heart unsoundness and other conditions. Technological Environment There is a general direction to transform outlets into media and community area centre. Thus, coffee shops develop Wireless Internet hotspot and coffee book store. For instance Starbuck, has positive high-speed tuner Internet access through a deal with T-Mobile. Besides, Costa and Starbuck have developed electronic card that allows clients to get points when purchasing coffee shops products.Customers can use those points to get free products and use this as debit card. 2. Market Analysis Market Shares There is an intense competition between the top three companies. The following picture shows the market shares of the three main competitors by the number of outlets. pic Market Trends There is a general trend for branded coffee shops to increase spends by head. This take to create interest and stimulate demand by introducing new drinks and patenting them or wider picking of gourmet food.Thus, a general strategic trend for the top four coffee shop companies consists to emphasize on developing new products and pushing larger cup size. Food has become essential for them since it authenticly helps to increase spend by head and allow to infringe on the fast-food market as well. Therefore, coffee shops have added into their wit hot and cold meals much(prenominal) as piz zas, paninis, salads, sandwiches, etc. Even though the market is approaching maturity, there are still high consumer demands and opportunities identified in the UK, according to Allegra (Allegra Strategies, 2006).Thus, the top five companies emphasize on keeping on expanding with different methods. They purchase and implant new outlets and have started to instill into provincial region. Despite the fact that those provincial stores are less lucrative than stores in city-centre, they offer opportunities, allowing companies to secure higher levels of brand recognition as well as market share. Franchising and licensing have become important keys to growth as well. This allows companies to avoid paying extortionate retail rents and limit their risk.Besides, companies use confederacys with retailers and other consumer serve such as banks, bookshops or supermarkets to increase their market share. Both Starbuck and Costa adhere to Fairtrade label and have launched their own Fairtrade co ffee certified by the Fairtrade Foundation. We do not serve coffee certified Fairtrade. We adhere to self-imposed guidelines to ensure that growers receive a fair price. Thus, we are not allowed to call our coffees Fairtrade as that is a commercial trademark. However, we are committed to purchasing coffee beans that meet the International Coffee Organisations (ICO) standards.This consists in paying a fair and worthy price to farmer as well as to trade only in graphic symbol coffee as proposed by the ICO Coffee price does not seem to be a determinant factor. Indeed, Starbuck charges quarter more than most other shops and raises prices in line with shifts in coffee prices, which suggest their consumers are not affected by their pricing (www. morningstar. com). Moreover, despite operator price increase, the market has increased of 9% in the past 18 months. In fact, since coffee is more of a luxury product than a necessity, it is a kind of price inelastic product to some degrees (not exceeded ? ,5). 3. Micro Environment Consumers Analysis The survey carried out by Mintel specified that customer of Caffe Nero are slightly younger than other coffee shops. Indeed, 60% of Caffe Neros customers are under 34 years old. Furthermore, UK National Statistics forecast that the 20-24 age group, which is our biggest clientele, is going to increase (UK National Statistic, 2006). (For more detail, see appendix 1) According to Mintels incurings, our customers are more likely to flit between brands than Starbuck or Costas customer (Mintel, 2005). We do not believe that our clientele is disloyal.This is explained by the fact that we have less outlets than Starbuck or Costa and so their clientele does not need to flit between brands as they find their favourite branded coffee shops e reallywhere. Competitors Analysis Starbucks Corporation Created in 1971 in Seattle, Starbuck is the foundings largest coffee shop company and the UK leader since 2002. Starbuck has currently 10 000 stores across the globe and 532 in UK. Its brand awareness is high despite increasing criticism from the anti-globalisation lobby. Generating $7. 8 billion as revenue in 2005, Starbucks has a real important investment capacity.Costa Coffee Ltd Founded in 1978 and acquired in 1995 by Whitbread Group, Costa Coffee employ to be the largest coffee shop in UK before Starbucks came. Costa Coffee owns 500 stores across UK and has started international expansion in the Middle East, in India and in Cyprus. As Costa is part of the Whitbread which owns hotels, restaurants and umteen other businesses, it has an important investment capacity. Puccinos Puccinos is a private company created in 1996. It has about 110 stores but does not own them, as the outlets are franchised. Thus, Puccinos does not have a real power. Its turnover is about ? 0 million. Coffee Republic Coffee Republic was created in 1995. It became one of the largest independent espresso bar brands of the UK. However, since 2003, Coffee Republic has started to reduce the number of its stores as is currently in the midst of converting its portfolio to the Republic Deli concept. Therefore, Coffee Republics turnover has more than halved and we can consider that it is not a competitor anymore. transplant Analysis The coffee shop market has the advantage of having a huge number of suppliers who are actually farmers. Thus, the bargain power of those suppliers is very low.However, several organisations such as the International Coffee Organisation denounce the abuse of coffee shop brands power. The retailers are either franchisees or stores that the coffee shops companies own. 2. 4 Internal Analysis Cafe Nero has been ranked first by British coffee drinkers in the last six years. According to the consumer research organization, Allegra, the 2005 poll put Cafe Nero first, Costa second, and Starbucks third in harm of coffee prime(prenominal), atmosphere, service quality and price value (Allegra Consumer Report 20 05 Major Coffee Brands).Our emphasis on the quality of our products and service are gainful and gives us a practiced corporate image. We support an image of Italian coffee bar which is reflected through our Italian and Mediterranean deli-style meals. This has allowed us to be rated as The best espresso this side of Milan by Tatler and labelled The traditional Italian cafe by Egon Ronay We have tried to create a string of natural, fresh foods, avoiding all additives, artificial flavours and colorants. Our menu consists of Italian and Mediterranean food. Most ingredients we used are imported from ItalyFor more detail about where we are in term of offers and services, we have analysed our position and strategy with the 4P analysis in appendix 2. 3. SWOT Analysis Strengths Products and services quality (coffee and food), seen as the best by customer for 6 years (Allegra Strategies, 2005) Our image of Continental and Italian style and atmosphere supported by sponsoring art events. W eakness Not enough number of outlets. Our clientele has to flit between brands 60% of our existing clientele is under 34 years old We cannot call our coffee Fairtrade even if we follow the fair-trade philosophy as Fairtrade is a trademark.Opportunities fly high our clientele in targeting people older than 34 years old Opening new outlets in three ways o Continue to acquire new stores o Continue to develop new partnerships with mega stores o Develop franchise Develop in petty(a)er cities Develop new products Make available Wireless Internet wildspot and books into all our stores Coffees virtue high level of antioxidant Threats The Market is approaching the maturity nimble food selling coffee e. g. Mc Donald, Pret a manger Adverts showing caffeine effect on health can reduce the gross sales The smoking ban may affect on customers visiting 4. AssumptionsFrom the marketing audit and with respect to the coffee markets climate, it is assumed that Competitors allow for carry on their expansion in term of outlets to make sure that their customers will not have difficulties to find their stores, avoiding them to flit between brands. The market is forecast to reach the maturity in 2009 and so the liability of expansion for coffee shops will be reduced due to the saturation in high street in the UKs main cities. Food is becoming an important aspect for the top five competitors since it allows to take market share from fast-food market and generate an important source of income.Thus, coffee shops will have to focus on developing wider range of food to increase their market share. The smoking ban may affect the coffee shop market. In order to avoid any risk of decline it will be essential to provide outside smoking area. There is a rise in fair trade coffee demand. Coffee shops that do not emphasize on fair trade coffee will be criticised. 5. Caffe Neros Objectives The analyses of the current market as well as the analysts forecasts for Caffe Nero have led to the following three years marketing objective. Then, we have extrapolated this long term objective into year objectives. Increase our market share up to 30% between the top three competitors before the market reaches the maturity in 2009 in terms of turnover and outlets. o This means that we will have 600 outlets across UK. o All stores should reach at least ? 350000 as turnover. For the year 2007 1) Increase the number of outlets by 38% to reach 400 stores by the end of 2007 (36% in 2006 32% in 2005 34% in 2004). 2) Increase our sales by 35% for 2007 (? 129,8 million) compare to 29% realised in 2006 (? 90,7 million). To see our objectives for 2008 and 2009, refer to appendix 3 To see the analysts forecasts for Caffe Nero, refer to appendix 4 . Strategy Choices Here, we have developed strategies to achieve our objectives. We also did a planning gap in appendix 5. Ansoffs product Market expansion Products/Services ExistingNew Increase the number of outlets by 38%. Develop ice-creams. Targeting people beyond 34 years old. Parents and not parents) Develop new soups. Equip all our stores with Wi-Fi hotspots. 4) Develop outside smoking areas. Expand in smaller cities. 7. Marketing Strategies To prepare strategies that will allow us to achieve our objectives, we have used the 4 p marketing mix. 7. 1 Places Our objective consists in opening 110 new stores. This requires a huge investment. However, there are three different way to expand.First of all, expand in acquiring new outlets. We opened 76 stores last year. This year, we should be able to acquire 85 stores. We need to purchase stores in high street in order to avoid our existing clientele to flit between brands. Another opportunity consists on going in some smaller cities where there is no competitors. However, those cities moldiness have more than 150000 habitants to be considered. Secondly, we should develop a franchise system to support our expansion. Indeed t his system allows us to expand with a small investment. (for more details, refer to appendix 6. 1)Thirdly, we also need to develop more partnership with mega stores since it allows to reduce the price of the coffee shops rent. We could develop partnership with Virgin and some others book stores. As response to the smoking ban, we need to develop outside smoking area in most coffee shops we are able to. These areas could attract customers of our competitors if they do not have smoking area. They required heaters as well as outside furniture. Furthermore, we need to equip all our stores with wireless Internet access in order to satisfy and obey our clientele since competitors develop wireless Internet access as well. . 2 Products To increase spend by head we need to develop new products. Our clientele enjoys our soups. Indeed, there are healthy and practical with our take-away packaging. Moreover, they fit well with our image of quality and healthy food. Furthermore, it is still a ki nd of new product since only Starbuck serve soups as well. Therefore, we should develop more soups as we have got only four different soups. 10 different tastes would be enough. We also need to add ice-creams in our menu. This product may attract new customers who will go to our coffee to have a dessert.Indeed, ice-cream match well coffee shops spirit in the sense of having a break time with friends or family. Everyone finds something he really likes in our stores (hot or cold drink, salty food or sweetened, frozen, cold or hot food). We will propose some light ice-creams as well. Furthermore, ice-cream may help to attract parents who can go with their kids to get them an ice cream. Finally, to keep our Italian branding way, we will serve only Italian ice-cream and will prepare the cream as Italians do. However the machine required is too big to take place in every store.So we have to find a smaller one. 7. 3 Prices We should keep our prices as they allow our coffee to be perceived as worth (Allegra Strategies, 2006). However, the price for our food is a bit higher as we server only quality food. Thus, our Italian ice-creams and soups will be a bit more expensive than every where else. The cru bourgeois cost more than the table wine To attract people beyond 34 years, we should consider family as part of potential clients. To do so, we should create a youngster menu which will include a hot chocolate, some cakes and a toy for a reasonable price. 7. 4 PromotionsIn order to consolidate our brand awareness, we should advertise on television. Despite of the expensive cost, it is the support which reaches the most people. We need to make people aware of our new products such as ice-cream. This would consolidate our brand awareness. However, we need to develop adverts that fit our sophisticated Italian image. This advert should emphasize on the friendly Italian atmosphere of our stores and the quality of our products. We also should advertise on newspapers such as t he guardian or the independent who are more likely to be red by people beyond 34 years old.We must carry on our sponsorship of art events as it matches well with our Italian sophisticated image. To attract parents we should organised children events in our stores as Mc Donalds is used to do. For example, we can have a Santa Claus for Christmas and some animations for Halloween. However, we need to be aware of the risk of developing family clientele since they may bother our existing clientele. 8. Control and Evaluation This section aims to produce a system of control and evaluation of the proposed marketing plan and its realisation. 1. ExpansionWe need to open 110 stores, so we can establish that nine stores should open every month at least. The full-term aim is to reach 30% of the branded coffee shops market. So we also need to project at competitors expansion. This will be realised every six months as companies produces interim reports. We may need to adapt our expansion strategy according to competitors growth to reach 30% of market share in 2009. 2. Success of new products and targeting operations In January we will conduct a survey into all our stores. This survey will include questions about Define sample questions (age, sex, married, children, frequency, etc.. . How much our clientele like our food product (their satisfactions) What think customers about introducing Italian ice-cream in our menu. How many Caffe Neros adverts they have seen Use of services (Wi-Fi, smoking area) What they think of Caffe Neros atmosphere The same survey will be conducted in December. Thus we will be able to compare the results and so determinate the success of our new products. Moreover, this survey will check if we have increased our 35-years-old-and-more clientele. In parallel, we will shade every trimester at the ice-creams and soups sale volumes.We expect the same success for the Italian ice-cream than we had with soups. 3. Brand awareness Allegra Strategies co nducts every year a serious survey on the coffee shop market and the customers satisfaction. This constitutes an useful tool for us as we can see the evolution in customers mind of our brand awareness and satisfaction concerning our products and services. Introduction to international expansion We are thinking of international expansion. Indeed, since the coffee shop market is approaching the maturity in England, we should develop our company overseas.This could help to reduce the risk for our company if we do a successful international implantation. Starbucks has shown that international expansion is a real opportunity for branded coffee shops in setting up more than 7000 international outlets in 9 years. However, an international expansion implies to decide which market to bring down, how to enter in, what marketing strategies need to be used within which organisation. Here, we will answer those questions. Which country? First of all, it is essential to go in a country where the fighting is low.Furthermore, the population and their income size must be high, enabling potential customers to devote a large proportion of their discretionary spend on leisure activities. France could be an appropriate place for us. Indeed, it is in the triad market that includes the United States, Western Europe and the Far East which account for a large percentage of all international trade. There are already two branded coffee chains in France (Starbuck and Colombus Cafe) which ensure that there are possibilities for the coffee shop market. They are implanted only in Paris with 18 stores for Colombus Cafe and 26 stores for Starbucks.Colombus Cafes philosophy is quiet close from ours. Indeed, they serve Italian coffees in a quiet and relaxing atmosphere and emphasize on the welcoming services. However, those two chains are not implanted in the south cities of France such as Marseille (2nd biggest city, 1,4 million habitants) and Montpellier (0,5 million habitants). Furthermore, according to the french tourism department, 10 % of English people go to the south of France for holydays (Ministere Delegue au Tourisme, 2006). This is an opportunity to increase our brand awareness due to the global mobility of our customers.Therefore, it seems that those cities could be great for success abroad. How to enter? Since we are not the first one to go in France and as the engagement is low, we should expand cautiously. Indeed, two approaches can be used when planning an international expansion A Waterfall approach, in which a country is gradually entered sequentially A Sprinkler approach, in which many countries are simultaneously entered within a limited period of time We have better to use a falls approach, in opening few stores in order to limit the risk of financial lost if we are not to success.Two ways of opening stores are possible Franchising, which allows to gain entry at little risk but limit the profit for the company Direct investment, which is the m ost risked but allows the company to retain a full control of its investment. It seems that we should rather purchase few stores since we need to set up distribution and logistics that generate costs to provide those stores with our products. Thus the scholarship of two stores in Marseille and Montpellier could be good to start as it limits the risk. We will be able to see after a year time if those stores are profitable.What marketing strategies? It is essential when planning for success abroad to think how much products and promotions need to be adapted to the local anesthetic market. Thus we need to focus on cultural differences as well as Frenchs customs and inspirations. Despite the fact that French are proud of their food and drinks, they believe than Italians are better for some specialities such as pasta and coffee. Indeed, several coffee beans companies in France such as Lavazza, San Marco and Segafredo market their coffee as traditional Italian coffee. Besides, French sup port a kind of passion for Italy as English people do.However, the coffee was introduced first in France in Marseille. Thus, there is a very famous French roaster company which produces the traditional French south coffee called Henry Blanc. This is an important emblem for French. In order to adapt our strategy to the French market we have used the 4 P marketing mix. Place Montpellier has a big commercial place in the centre called Place de la Comedie. There is a very famous high street in Marseille which is called Cannebiere. Those places could be great to implant stores since they have big activities.Products We will be the first coffee shop in the south of France. So we should keep our coffee menu that is likely to earn French as it would be new for them. This should seduce the young population first who will then bring others. Futhermore, French like Provencal food which is quiet close from Italian one. So our Italian gourmet food should correspond to their expectations. Howeve r, we should introduce the traditional French coffee Henry Blanc in order to meet French taste. Furthermore, this will seduce local people as we will support the local economy.Price French are known to like good quality. According to Emarketing, French associate quality with high price (A. Michalowska, Marketing Magazine, 2002). Besides, the American magazine Travelers has conducted a survey in 2005 which reveals that the ordinary price for coffee in France is 4 when we sale our espresso in England at ? 1,25 (2,7) (Le Chiffre du Jour, 2006). Thus, we should keep the same prices of our products. Promotion We need to advert a lot to generate awareness of our company. First, we will put big adverts on our stores when they will be under construction.Secondly, we will organise a celebration for the opening day. Finally, we will advert on local newspapers such as La Provence and Midi-Libre which covers all the south population. References & Bibliography Allegra Strategies, (2006), Market Overview and Key Statistics Project Cafe6, online, London, Available from http//www. allegra. co. uk/project-cafe6-keyfindings. html Accessed 20 December 2006 Bremner C. , (2005), Coffee Shops in the UK, online, Euromonitor International, Available from http//www. euromonitor. com/Coffee_Shops_in_the_UK Accessed 23 December 2006Caffe Nero, (2006), Caffe Nero, online, Available from Accessed 20 December 2006 Kotler P. and Keller K. L. , (2006) Marketing Management, 12th Edition, Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson Prentice Hall Le Ministere Delegue au Toourisme, (2003), Les principales clienteles europeennes de la France, online, Paris, Available from Accessed 28 December 2006 McDonald, M. , (2006), Marketing Plans, 5th Edition, Oxford Butterworth-Heinemann Michalowska, A. , (2002), Qualite les Francais prets a en payer le prix, online, Marketing MagazineN71, Available from Accessed 27 December 2006Mintel Reports, (2005), Coffee Shop UK, online, Available from Accessed 3 January 2007 National Statistics, (2006), National Projection, online, Available from Accessed 22 December 2006 Vacances Pratiques, (2006), Le chiffre du jour 8,30, online, Available from Accessed 30 December 2006 Appendices pic Appendix 1Page 27 Appendix 2 . Page 28 Appendix 3.. . Page 30 Appendix 4Page 31 Appendix 5.. .. Page 32 Appendix 6 . Page 33 Appendix 1 Specialist coffee shop brands, by gender, age, socio-economic groups and working stead, November 2004 Base 2,065 adults aged 15+ Any branded coffee shop (%) Starbucks (%) Costa Coffee (%) Caffe Nero (%) Other branded coffee shop (eg Tchibo, Puccinos) (%) All 32 19 14 8 5 Men 32 20 13 9 5 Women 33 19 14 8 6 15-19 35 22 14 7 4 20-24 45 27 15 17 7 25-34 45 32 21 14 6 35-44 36 21 18 8 4 45-54 29 15 11 8 7 55-64 29 17 11 6 7 65+ 16 6 6 3 4 AB 48 31 24 15 8 C1 43 27 19 11 5 C2 25 14 10 6 5 D 19 9 5 4 5 E 17 9 6 4 3 Working status Full-time 42 27 19 12 7 Part-time 35 18 15 11 6 Not work ing 28 18 11 7 3 Retired 19 9 7 3 4 citation NOP/Mintel Appendix 2 Caffe Neros position and strategy with the 4P analysis Place Most of our stores are situated in high street, where competitors tend to be concentrated as well. We have got some outlets in airports and railroad line stations. We also have agreements with House of Fraser and Blackwell bookshops. Six House of Fraser department stores and four Blackwell bookshops incorporate a Caffe Nero. Finally we are considering international expansion. Products Coffee Italian coffee contained a blend of seven different beans.Our coffee is seen as the best in term of quality by UK customers (Allegra Consumer Report 2005 Major Coffee Brands). Our menu contained different coffee derived products Espresso Espresso Ristretto (very short and intense espresso) Espresso Macchiato (espresso with a dollop of milk foam on top) Americano (double espresso topped up with hot water) Cappuccino Caffe Latte Mocha (cappuccino with chocolat e) Hot chocolate Iced Latte (cold drink) Iced Mocha (cold drink) Frappelatte (cold drink and unique to Caffe Nero)We also propose milkshakes (Frappe milkshake) and fruit juice based drink (Fruit Boosters) that are also free from from artificial flavourings, colorants or preservatives. FoodWe have tried to create a range of natural, fresh foods, avoiding all additives, artificial flavours and colourants. Our menu consists of Italian and Mediterranean food. Most of ingredients we used are imported from Italy. We also offer a range of lighter sandwiches and meals. As mentioned above, we try and we do serve the best quality food between the top five competitors (Allegra Consumer Report 2005 Major Coffee Brands). Our soups have met with popular acclaim due to the take-away packaging that we have developed. 11 Cold sandwiches (Wraps, Wedges and other) 20 Hot sandwiches (Paninis, Focaccias) 18 Cakes and desserts 13 Muffins and pastries 4 Soups 30 other products such as organic fo od, bruschetta, crisp, fruit salad, porridge, etc. Price Our coffee prices are on the average between the top five competitors. However, our food is more expensive than other competitors since we serve fresh food with imported ingredients in order to provide good quality food. Promotion It seems that we do communication well. Indeed, our marketing strategy communicates on our continental style of operations and atmosphere. We support an image of Italian coffee bar which is reflected through our Italian and Mediterranean deli-style meals.This has allowed us to be rated as The best expresso this side of Milan by Tatler and labelled The traditional Italian cafe by Egon Ronay. Furthermore, as mentioned above we have been ranked first by British coffee drinkers in the last six years for the quality of our products. Besides, we have been involved in arts sponsorship from 1999. This allows us to bridge our image of Italian coffee bar with arts such as the Turner in Venice exhibition at the Tate Britain. Appendix 3 Caffe Neros Objectives The analyses of the current market as well as the analysts forecasts for Caffe Nero have led to the following three years marketing objective. Then we have extrapolated this long term objective into year objectives. Increase our market share to 30% between the top three competitors before the market reaches the maturity in 2009 in terms of turnover and outlets. o This means that we will have 600 outlets across UK. o All stores should reach at least ? 350000 as turnover. For the year 2007 3) Increase the number of outlets by 38% to reach 400 stores by the end of 2007 (36% in 2006 32% in 2005 34% in 2004). 4) Increase our sales by 35% for 2007 (? 129,8 million) compare to 29% realised in 2006 (? 90,7 million). For the year 2008 1) Increase the number of outlets by 25 % to reach 500 stores by the end of 2008. 2) Increase our sale by 35% for 2008 (? 175 million). ) Start international expansion in Europe with the opening of one overseas store. For the year 2009 1) Increase the number of outlets by 20 % to reach 600 stores by the end of 2009. 2) Increase our sale by 20% for 2008 (? 210 million). Appendix 4 Analysts Forecasts for Caffe Nero FY 2007 (June 2006 May 2007) Analysts Collins Stewart Numis Securities KBC clean Hunt Teather & Greenwood Altium DKW Shore Capital Average Sales (? m) 108. 1 109. 9 107. 4 109. 7 109. 9 111. 3 - 109. 4 Source Caffe Nero, http//www. caffenero. com/FinancialInfo. asp? section=AnalystForecast&ZZIS_InformationID=1831 Appendix 5 The Strategic Planning GapTo achieve this objective we must develop strategies. Those strategies will act on different plans. The first plan that we need to consider is the market penetration. We expect to increase our market share by acquiring new outlets. As mentioned in the marketing objectives we need to open 110 new stores for the year 2007. Secondly, we would like to increase usage by expanding our clientele in targeting people older than 34. Final ly, we need to develop new food products. This will also help us to increase our revenue. In fact, we need to focus on increasing spend by head and thus take advantage of the rise in Personal Disposal Income. Appendix 6 The franchiseThe franchise system consists to finance only 20% of the investment required for the acquisition of the store. The franchisee pays 80% of the acquisition and has to buy equipment and furniture from us. As franchise, all products used will come from us. We will assume the promotion, the staff training, the branding as well as some financial facilities. As compensation, the franchisee will give us 20% of his profit in the form of fees. pic Source Mintel Figure 3 Figure 2 Source Mintel Figure 1 Existing Market New Market pic Revenue (? million) Figure 4 Initial forecast (? 109,4 million) Source Caffe Nero (Appendix 1) Marketing objectif (? 129,8 million) Years

Simpson Company ACL Assignments Essay

Determine whether the record counts in the three tables are consistent with the information you received from the IT department.Simpson master file away of accounts receivable has 64 records which is consistent with IT. Simpson shipping documents for cut-off tests has 47 records which is not consistent with IT records that totals 45.Question 5. Determine if the amounts for each of the four transaction types are consistent with the information you received from the IT department.The government issue of IN sales invoices totals $1,525,763,83. This is consistent with what IT has said. The number of PM payments from customers totals $-890,466.09. This is not consistent with what IT add up to be $860,466.09. The number of CM credit memos totals $-191,358.22. This is not consistent with what IT totaled to be $181,276.35. The number of WO write-offs totals $-4,725.85. This is not consistent with what IT totaled to be $4,725.85.Question 6. Determine whether there are any transaction types other than the four include in the introduction to the case. List the exceptions, if any, and describe the likely cause of exception.Exception(s)The transaction number 924 has a transaction of IY.Cause(s)The reason for IY is because it is a typo, it should say IN. We figured this break because the document number for the IY is I-88496 which is consistent with document types for IN.Question 7 Determine the customer name for any customer records you identified with the unusual transaction type. stock-still though customer names are not included in the sales transaction table, this table can be related tothe Simpson master file table, which does include names.We discovered the customer number 262001 from the sales transaction table and filtered this number in the Simpson master file. The name that is linked to this customer number is ruffian Industries.

French Revolution Essay

The cut Revolution was a real important serial publication of events for all of french history, ma index a big clash on all the lives of past and present French citizens. There was no one element was directly trusty for the French Revolution. years of feudal mercilessness and onerous, public revenues and public debt mismanagement contributed to a French society that was on the edge of revolt. The French Revolution, the revolutionary fecal matter that shook France betwixt 1787 and 1799, reached its first approach there in 1789. After taking notice of the falling parsimony in the youthful 1700s, King Louis XVI, rattling self-centered, thought his leave to rule came from graven image himself. He brought in a number of financial advisors to review the wasted French treasury. each advisor reached the equivalent conclusion, that France needed a large reposition in the way it taxed the public, and each advisor was, in turn, kicked out. Eventually the king realized that thi s receipts issue in reality did need to be solved so he appointed a impudent controller general of finance.The new general of finance suggested instead of taxing the poor, tax the ones that would be able to pay, the nobility, the ones that were set free from paying taxes before. The nobility refused. Financial ruin thus seemed imminent. The French Revolution was a very important series of events for all of French history, making a big impact on all the lives of past and present French citizens. There was no one factor was directly responsible for the French Revolution. Years of feudal cruelty and taxing, public revenues and public debt mismanagement contributed to a French society that was on the edge of revolt. The French Revolution, the revolutionary movement that shook France between 1787 and 1799, reached its first climax there in 1789. After taking notice of the falling economy in the late 1700s, King Louis XVI, very self-centered, thought his authority to rule came from go d himself. He brought in a number of financial advisors to review the weakened French treasury.Each advisor reached the same conclusion, that France needed a large change in the way it taxed the public, and each advisor was, in turn, kicked out. Eventually the king realized that this taxation issue really did need to be solved so he appointed a new controller general of finance. The new general of finance suggested instead of taxing the poor, tax the ones that would be able to pay, the nobility, the ones that were exempt from paying taxes before. The nobility refused. Financial ruin thus seemed imminent.The French Revolution was a very important series of events for all of French history, making a big impact on all the lives of past and present French citizens. There was no one factor was directly responsible for the French Revolution. Years of feudal cruelty and taxing, public revenues and public debt mismanagement contributed to a French society that was on the edge of revolt. The French Revolution, the revolutionary movement that shook France between 1787 and 1799, reached its first climax there in 1789. After taking notice of the falling economy in the late 1700s, King Louis XVI, very self-centered, thought his authority to rule came from god himself. He brought in a number of financial advisors to review the weakened French treasury. Each advisor reached the same conclusion, that France needed a large change in the way it taxed the public, and each advisor was, in turn, kicked out.Eventually the king realized that this taxation issue really did need to be solved so he appointed a new controller general of finance. The new general of finance suggested instead of taxing the poor, tax the ones that would be able to pay, the nobility, the ones that were exempt from paying taxes before. The nobility refused. Financial ruin thus seemed imminent. The French Revolution was a very important series of events for all of French history, making a big impact on all the lives of past and present French citizens. There was no one factor was directly responsible for the French Revolution. Years of feudal cruelty and taxing, public revenues and public debt mismanagement contributed to a French society that was on the edge of revolt. The French Revolution, the revolutionary movement that shook France between 1787 and 1799, reached its first climax there in 1789.After taking notice of the falling economy in the late 1700s, King Louis XVI, very self-centered, thought his authority to rule came from god himself. He brought in a number of financial advisors to review the weakened French treasury. Each advisor reached the same conclusion, that France needed a large change in the way it taxed the public, and each advisor was, in turn, kicked out. Eventually the king realized that this taxation issue really did need to be solved so he appointed a new controller general of finance. The new general of finance suggested instead of taxing the poor, tax the ones that would be able to pay, the nobility, the ones that were exempt from paying taxes before. The nobility refused. Financial ruin thusseemed imminent.The French Revolution was a very important series of events for all of French history, making a big impact on all the lives of past and present French citizens. There was no one factor was directly responsible for the French Revolution. Years of feudal cruelty and taxing, public revenues and public debt mismanagement contributed to a French society that was on the edge of revolt. The French Revolution, the revolutionary movement that shook France between 1787 and 1799, reached its first climax there in 1789. After taking notice of the falling economy in the late 1700s, King Louis XVI, very self-centered, thought his authority to rule came from god himself. He brought in a number of financial advisors to review the weakened French treasury.Each advisor reached the same conclusion, that France needed a large change in the way it taxed th e public, and each advisor was, in turn, kicked out. Eventually the king realized that this taxation issue really did need to be solved so he appointed a new controller general of finance. The new general of finance suggested instead of taxing the poor, tax the ones that would be able to pay, the nobility, the ones that were exempt from paying taxes before. The nobility refused. Financial ruin thus seemed imminent.

Cuban missile crisis Vietnam war

The most dangerous passage to Cold War was the Cuban Missile crisis during the 1960s. This is a confrontation amongst the Soviet sum total and the United States in Cuba. Robert F. Kennedys Thirteen Days is the portrayal of the tensions surrounding the Cuban Missile crisis and the analysis of the state conflict. Two sides of the conflict was presented during the conflict between Union Soviet and United States. One side of the ordeal was the Communists of the Soviet Union desire to bring entire European countries under their supremacy and thrash the world.The other side of the conflict was the goal of the Statesns to the vindication of ripe(p) and to stop the spead of Communism. During the Cuban Missile crisis, two significant people played important subprograms. They were Americas hot seat put-on F. Kennedy and Soviet attracter Nikita Krushchev. Both leadership were pressured with what is happening that time. They performed different tactics and strategies on how to deal with the scenario. Drama took place and a lot of negotiations were arranged for the Cuban Missile crisis.The pressure was triggered later on Berlin and Germany were separated and divided among the victorious countries, Allies were formed and three different blocs occured. Nations that has been established after the war remained neutral while western countries which were governed by America and Soviet Union together with their new tout ensembleies had formed the other two blocs. Soviet Union established allied countries around them and spread and imposed communism to all(prenominal) and every untaught.America was alarmed and imposed the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan to get a line Soviet Union in spreading communism. However according to Robert F. Kennedys Thirteen Days two things came to pass that sent threat and tension by the U. S. First was, the Chinese government was revolutionizen by Communism, which is a big alarm for the threat of superiority of Communism. And the secon d was the Cuban MISSILE CRISIS page 2 noesis and ability of Soviets when it comes to nuclear and atomic issues. There was a fear in the U. S. because of the threat of a nuclear war.The crisis began when Soviet Union Leader Nikita Krushchev plans to install missiles in Cuba because of the Americans Missile were installed in Turkey which is adjacent to Soviet Union and he did not want that America would take over Cuba and overthrow Fidel Castros communist government. The Soviet Union leader also considered newly elected John F. Kennedys reaction to his plans. Krushchev conclude that Kennedy was a weak, faulty and could not bear pressures and tensions. He (Krushschev) was a leader who based his premises on hasty generalizations because he pre-judged Kennedy because he was a newly elected president.On the other hand, John F. Kennedy was reluctant or so what is happening around him. His administration issued a warning about the imp shoemakers lasting crisis in Cuba. This is the Memo 1 81 it states study of probable military, poitical and social impacts in the installment of missiles in Cuba which could reach the United States. Kennedy make a decision which was effective because he first consulted people around him and querried for facts so that his plans would be amend and would not lead onto decisions which will lead to more seroius problems like a world nuclear war.He also kept the informations for himself first before broadcasting it to the American nation because he wanted that his administrations plan would be a secret and would not leak for the enemies. When National Security Adviser McGeorge Bundy learned a unstable news that Soviets were constructing an offensive missile in Cuba was positive. He did not first told the president about whats taking place in Cuba. Instead he gets more information and he wanted the president to have a rest for a more challenging decisions for America. On October 16, the Thirteen Days had began, Bundy told the president abou t the construction of missiles and theCUBAN MISSILE CRISIS page 3 president immediately ordered a meeting for the senior officials which he termed as Ex Comm. They planned secretly and develop their strategies on how to destabilize the construction of ballistic missiles. John F. Kennedy was a leader who wants everything to be clear and concise. After the deliberations and discussions were done, strategies were finally make and ready for execution. But first Kennedy briefed his people and made his first decision to hold all military military equipment under ship to Cuba.This was the Proclamation 3504 cognise as the quarantine order. And during his speech on October 22 he said to the Soviets, And one path we shall never choose, and that is the path of surrender or submission. JFK exudes a leader whose strong and tough with his decisions which Krushchev miscalculated when he planned to test Kennedy with his plans. Then the crisis even worsens each mean solar day passed. Secret nego tiations were made. And trying to avoid the war the two leaders resorted by changing of letters. A naval blockade was implemented by America in the Carribbean and Cuban coast which triggered the Soviet nation.Because of it, on the 26th day of October, Krushchev seemed to be willing to film the missiles in Cuba in exchange for Americas commitment not to invade Cuba. But on the next day, Krushschev proposed a different argument and that is if Soviets will remove their missiles in Cuba, it follows that US must also remove their missiles in Turkey. This proposal from Krushchev was just, but he is so demanding about this matter. He was insistent about the matter because of the loss of arms and military equipment in Cuba which disband their operations and still he remained confident with his decision.Thus, Kennedy made the right decision. Kennedy did not support Krushchevs second proposal, instead he wrote Krushchev and made a deal to remove the blockade and agree not to invade Cuba if K rushchev would remove the missiles in Cuba. JFK also secretly proposed the dismantling of US missiles in CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS page 4 Turkey. The Soviet leader agreed and the crisis ended. The result was Krushchev deep in thought(p) prestige while Kennedy gained. Cuba remained under communist dictatorship and US left it.Both Leaders were good leaders and have their own political and social will. They both(prenominal) fights for what they know what is right for their country and beliefs. I can say that John F. Kennedy was one of the best presidents of US because of his courage and making rational decisions. While Nikita S. Krushchev fights for what he believes in and his people but he failed. Essay2 (Vietnam War) United States played a big role in the Vietnam War and it was the biggest and longest military conflict of the nation. many a(prenominal) lives were affected not only in Vietnam but also in America.US army troops were sent to South Vietnam to fight against North Vietnam a nd National venting Front because they want to unify the North and South Vietnam to become a Communist Re mankind. And objectioners from the US were greatly affected. The main issue during the Vietnam war was the opinion of the American people toeards the issue which had caused a lot of speculations in the government and also the US academic institutions. According to Turley (1986), even at the start of US escalatory moves in the beginning of 1965 there were limits to American public and congressional tolerance of the wars expenses and duration.Turley (1986) moreover explained that these limits were worsen by the administration under Johnson its refusal to arouse popular emotion on the wars behalf, its failure to make an effective strategies for massive US intervention, its public misrepresentation of the wars denelopment and of its own political and social intentions, and its refusal to make solid and tough political choices. Americans tempered Vietnam War as unpopular and insign ificant and yet it is the longest war americans fought for. To sum it all it is the most disastrous war that involved the AmericanCUBAN MISSILE CRISIS page 5 people. Many soldiers have lost their lives during those time. Many people in the United states protests on the intervention of US in the said war and also many americans supported the war for Vietnam not to be under a communist government. During those times US was so divided and fervour and chaos happened, wounds that Vietnam caused will never heal for many of the more than two million American veterans life from the war was given to fight against communism in Vietnam (Herring, 2002).More or less sixty thousand Americans lost their lives in fighting for the war. The United States spent about $150 billion dollars. American got involved in the war during 1955 when the first american advisors arrived in Vietnam. Then, American combat troops arrives in 1965 and had finished fighting for the civil war in Vietnam up to the end wh en cease-fire was ordered and reconciled on January of 1973. I can say now that Vietnam War was a story of the olden times for the new times americans.Cambodian Invasion was a played a big scene in the Vietnam this is when President Richard Nixon ordered an attack against North Vietnam and NLF (National Liberation Front), the main goal why Nixon ordered an attack, according to Turley (1986), was to demolish bases of communism and provide arms and military support to the war in Vietnam, for the protection American troops, and to make sure of the insularity of America from Vietnam.Students and faculties in different universities in US that time who were not in favor of the Vietnam War felt that President Nixon had deceived them, that the hated war was to be expanded and be pursued (Turley, 1986). Students from Oberlin, Princeton, and Rutgers demonstrated against Vietnam War and Nixon that very night. Many academic institutions had closed and a lot of organizations who opposed Vietna m war had formed demonstrations all over the country. CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS page 6Different ways of expressing their sympathy for the Americans who catered their lives for Vietnam and dismay for the decision of the president was obvious by that time. Many protest across the country took every possible form and were carried out under every ban, slogan and chant. Strikes, boycotts, and shutdowns were carried out together with rallies in the campus, marches and convocations across the country there was massive flag lowering, wearing of black armbands, several memorial services, portrayal of funerals and vigil there were seminars with workshops, and research projects.Vigilant students have also had an interaction with the public especially with the residents and invited each and every household to come in their campus and talk about the issue of Vietnam War. American students and academic institutions played a big role in protesting against the Vietnam War. The heart of the young americ an people was awaken for the love of their country and countrymen. They displayed brotherhood, camarraderie and oneness during the Vietnam War protests.America stood as one in fighting for each and every american whose fighting for the right for Vietnam and all nations as well. Many lives were transformed during the war. And still many lives were taken. Vietnam War was an untold story for Americans. But it made United States a country with strong people and united nations. References Herring, George C. (2002). Americas Longest War The United States and Vietnam, 19501975. retrieved April 21, 2007 from http//www. vietnamwar. com/ Kennedy, Robert F. (1969).Thirteen Days A Memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis ISBN 0-393- 31834-6. retrieved April 20, 2007 from http//www. lawbuzz. com/movies/thirteen_days/thirteen_days_ch1. htm Pope, Ronald R. , Soviet Views on the Cuban Missile Crisis Myth and Reality in Foreign Policy Analysis University Press of America, 1982. from http//www. lawbuzz. co m/movies/thirteen_days/thirteen_days_ch1. htm Turley, William S. (1986) The Second Indochina War A Short governmental and Military History, 19541975.. Retrieved April 21, 2007 from http//www. vietnamwar. com/politicalprotests. htm.

Analysis using Porter’s five forces model in Marketing

On analyzing the case we entrust seek to look at two relevant barriers to entry namely, product differentiation and economies of scale. The economy of scale refers to the crepuscule per unit in product cost as the volume of production increases. Levis could have beged opportunities to outsource their production facilities where labour is cheaper, in assign to mass produce and have a cost advantages. Volumes of jeans have been produced in this commercialise because early(a) labels such as Arizona Jeans have exploited the opportunity.If they exploit the opportunity it means that they could produce for less and sell at a higher cost to their profitability. The Levis leaf blade has product differentiation because there is a history of brand loyalty the product carries enough clout to justify a reason able-bodied price premium. They had embarked on a project to create a niche market to attract higher income customers who were willing to pay a premium for a perfect fit. In this case the threat would be brand loyalty because there are a lot of producers of jeans. Threat of Rivalry Threat of rivalry includes all distributors and stores that sell jeans.Example of stores is the likes of JC Penny stores who were once a business alliance, they have sought out cheaper alternatives such as the Arizona brand of jeans and have become their competitor there is also Gap, Lee and Wrangler. individually of these brands has their own market or customer base. With all of these competitors in the market there is likely competitive pricing for the product. Threat of Substitutes There are other forms of clothing that can substitute for jeans example cotton, linen and other forms of material that makes clothing.In this case though Levis has created a personal pair for a perfect fit this proposal has created the niche market for Levis through a jeans customization program with their strategical alliance partner Technology Corporation. With this partner they will be able to achi eve a competitive advantage. Threat of Suppliers Threat of suppliers all depends on the amount of raw materials. Since Levis now has a strategic partner, Technology Corporation they are the ones who take the orders and manufactures the customized jeans at their location.The threat is that they have to rely on another organization to complete the process at a separate location. The benefit though is that this company is a joint venture where each partner has a vested interest in the success of the business and then minimizing risks. However on the other hand the partner may decide to cheat if they see a more valuable venture for themselves in scratch their own line of business. There is also the threat of an increase salary and benefit for employees as well as retention of trained personnel in the area of sales and manufacturing.Threat of Buyers Threat of buyers relies on the marketing of the brand. If Levis has a good marketing strategy then customers and suppliers are more likely to purchase their goods. The company has begun to engage in a joint venture with another company therefore once they start receiving orders they will be able to meet the demand to supply stores and retail customers alike. According to the case, the brand Levi is one of the most recognizable brands worldwide since the 1950s. The jeans had established a political and ashion statement as an American icon. Levis has become synonymous with the term authentic, genuine, and original. They are the largest brand-apparel company in the world and the number one purveyor of blue jeans. Levis has an image of reference and durability. The image of the company is valuable and rare. Perhaps no other firm has been able to duplicate the Levi brand and the firm uses this image to their competitive advantage as not many firms are able to imitate that image.Despite competetition from low cost rivals who are able to produce more cheaply at abroad facilities, Levi has organized its cost structure and business by using technology and joint venture to their advantage. They have established value creating activities by way of market revitalization and have established a corporate reputation, established links with their suppliers and buyers and invested in high technological equipment and information support systems.